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MPU 2222

PRINCIPLES OF MORAL AND ETHICS

CHAPTER 2
THEORIES IN MORAL SYSTEM
THEORIES IN MORAL SYSTEM

PREPARED BY:

NURSYAHIDA MOHD JAAFAR


FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND GENERAL STUDIES

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

LEARNING OUTCOMES
TOPIC

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:


Define all four theories within this chapter.
Make decisions and judgement about action in certain
situation.

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CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

TOPIC OUTLINES
TOPIC

Introduction
2.1 Theories and Beliefs System
2.1.1

Theory of Social Morality

2.1.2 Theory of Personality Virtue


2.1.3

Theory of Teleological Ethics

2.1.4

Theory of Deontology

Activity

Slide 3 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC

In

1957
2012

Disunity
Unity

Conflict

Disharmony

Cooperation
Harmony
Slide 4 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC

How do you maintain the stability


and the peacefulness of a society?

1957

2011

This situation happened because we do not apply


the moral system in our daily life.
Slide 5 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

Introduction
TOPIC

The objective of the theory of normative obligation is to guide us to make


decisions and judgments about actions in certain situations i.e. to try to
determine what we and other people ought to do.
We consider what we, or they, should do in a given situation, and
whether what we, or they, do is right and wrong.
We not only act as an agent, but also as a witness, adviser, teacher,
judge and critic in morality.
In this chapter, we will go into detailed some general theories about
normative ethics that have been propounded.

Slide 6 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System


TOPIC

Social
Morality

Deontological
ethic theory

THEORIES
IN MORAL
SYSTEM

Personality
virtues

Teleological
ethic
theories
Slide 7 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.1 Theory of Social Morality

TOPIC

This theory refers to standards or moral measurement in a certain


society based on norms & taboos within that society to ensure the
social morality within.
It is the quality of being in given with standards of right or good conduct
or a system of ideas that fall into the same categories.
Moral quality involving a course of action. A person living in a society will
use the rules or habits following the right and wrong conducts that he/she
understands.

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CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.1 Theory of Social Morality

TOPIC

There are words about religious morality in society. Items that fall into the
morally sound category are qualities like good, goodness, rightness,
virtue and righteousness.
It is a complex system of general principles and particular judgments
based on cultural, religious and philosophical concepts & beliefs, thus
regulating behavior. When someone conforms to this systematic
arrangement of morality, society will consider this person to have moral
sense.
Example: click here

Slide 9 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.1 Theory of Social Morality

TOPIC

Society In Malaysian context


The culture, traditional norms and belief (religions) also influence the system in
morality.
Malay

Indian

Chinese

Belief:
Muslims practice a disciplined life based
on the Quran & Hadith
Example: fasting in Ramadhan
Alcohol drink is prohibited

Slide 10 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.1 Theory of Social Morality

TOPIC

Society In Malaysian context


The culture, traditional norms and belief also influence the system in morality.
Malay

Indian

Chinese

Belief:
Hindu Indians observe their life through the
writings of Ramayana and Upanishads
Example: Most Indian do not eat beef.

Slide 11 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.1 Theory of Social Morality

TOPIC

Society In Malaysian context


The culture, traditional norms and belief also influence the system in morality.
Malay

Indian

Chinese

Belief:
Most Chinese are Buddhist. Hence
they believe in the teachings of
Buddha.

Slide 12 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

1.3 Topic
TOPIC

Weakness
1

Results in
authoritarian
situation

Reduces autonomy of members of society, increases authority of those


in power.
For instance, some societal regulations prohibit the public from
criticizing moral values in the regulations that have been implemented
such as police brutality.

Different
societies

When different societies have laws, regulations and customs, and moral
values, moral relativism can cause conflict and social tension.
E.g. The racial riots of May 13, 1969 remain black mark in our countrys
history.

Old rules

Old rules might not apply with new situations that threatens happiness
and peace of society.

4.

Insecure

People can still rebel, disobey the rules


Slide 13 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

ACTIVITY
TOPIC

GROUP ACTIVITY

Form into a group with different religions of your choice.


Discuss and list down some rules set by that religion that
will help you become a better person.
Use these rules as a basis to argue why the religion is
better.

Slide 14 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.2 Theory of Personality Virtue

TOPIC

Personality virtues is an
ethics which connect with an
individuals characteristics of
being honorable.
It is a personality trait of
which motivates a person to
act morally right in a given
situation.

Slide 15 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.2 Theory of Personality Virtue

TOPIC

Personality virtue is an
ethic of good value. It is a
process of inclination with a
purpose. It is not a natural
matter that exist in a human
being. It needs training and
practices. For an individual
who considers to obtain this
virtue, he/she must follow
the concept of MIDDLE
WAY.

Aristotle
Slide 16 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.2 Theory of Personality Virtue

TOPIC

In philosophy especially that of Aristotle, the Middle way is the most desirable
middle between the two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency.
Example:
Courage is a virtue, if taken to excess would manifest as recklessness and if
deficient as cowardice.
Excessive

Middle Way
(virtue)

Deficient

Extravagant

Generous

Stingy

Angry

Patience

Unenthusiastic

Slide 17 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.2 Theory of Personality Virtue

TOPIC

The process of inclination


1. CHILDHOOD

2. ADOLESCENT

3. ADULT

We are often told about what is right and


wrong
We obey without thinking but to avoid
punishment.
Our obedience to moral standard is based
on self-interest
The moral standards become internalized.
We understand the implications clearer,
improved obedience
The obedience to moral standards at this stage
is based on loyalty to family, to friends or to
country.
Evaluate moral standard and consequences.
Inherited from family and peers, culture and
religion
We begin to evaluate moral standards and their
consequences rationally.
Slide 18 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

TOPIC

Personality
virtues
are
habits, which means that they
are ordinary deeds that are
definite and prominent. When
such habits are formed, a
stable tendency develops in the
individual and this can be
called
that
individuals
characteristics.

Personality virtues is good: it


defer from bad habits and vices.
They are perfect, and allow us
to act in the best possible
manner. With the acquisition of
personality virtues, we become
good individuals. Vices, on the
other hand, have an opposite
effect on us they are destructive
within our capacity.

Example : click here


Example : click here
Slide 19 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.3 Theory of Teleological Ethics

TOPIC

Teleological ethics is a theory of general assumption of an individuals


action whether it is RIGHT or WRONG depending on the CONSEQUENCES
of an action.
It means a morally right act (or omission of act) that will produce a good
outcome, or consequence. The ends justify the means

OR

CONSEQUENCES
Slide 20 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.3 Theory of Teleological Ethics

TOPIC

If the effect is positive, the action


should be allowed

If the effect is negative, the action


should be forbidden

Lying is wrong because it will


produce negative result, but under
certain foreseeable consequences
lying is acceptable.

Good deed is considered wrong


when the action lead to unpleasant
result.

Example:
Ali has to lie to his mother about
his awful examination result in
order to make her mother happy.

Example:
See the clip below.

Slide 21 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.3 Theory of Teleological Ethics

TOPIC

Slide 22 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.4 Theory of Deontology

TOPIC

Deonto means duty or


obligation in Greek.
Obligated to certain
actions
Right or wrong not based
on results of the actions

Slide 23 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.4 Theory of Deontology

TOPIC

The deontological theory states that people should adhere to their obligations
and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that a person will
follow his or her obligations to another individual or society because upholding
ones duty is what considered ethically correct.
Example:
A deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law.
Hence, a person who follows this theory will produce very consistent decisions
since they will be based on the individuals set duties
Deontology derives the rightness or wrongness of ones conduct from the
character of the behavior itself rather than the outcomes of the conduct.
Example:
A deontologist might argue that lying is always wrong, regardless of any
potential good that might come from lying.
Slide 24 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

2.1 Theories and Beliefs System

2.1.4 Theory of Deontology

TOPIC

Deontological ethic consist of two principles:


OBLIGATION PRINCIPLE

EXISTENTIALISM PRINCIPLE

Action is done based on the


obligation/responsibility value within
that particular action.

It focus on the condition of human


existence, and an individuals
emotions, actions, responsibilities and
thought. It emphasize that a value,
whether good or bad, must be based
on an individuals own choice.
Example:
Ahmad furthers his study after SPM
because of his own choice. This is a
good value.
Example : click here to view

Example:
An older brother may have an
obligation to protect his little sister
when they cross a busy road together.
Example 2: click here to view

Slide 25 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

ACTIVITY
TOPIC

ASSIGNMENT 1
Watch the movie properly and explain the theories system such as social
morality, personality virtue, teleological ethics and deontological ethic based
on the question given. Please provide examples from the movie for each
explanations. This assignment contains 30 marks.

Slide 26 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

SUMMARY
TOPIC

1. Moral is a system of rules and regulation standards used to produce honest,


decent, and ethical results.
2. Social morality is a notion of how we ought to behave and the reality of how
people should behave.
3. Personality virtue is often a doctrines or moral duties that support the quality
of an action which renders it good.
4. Teleological theory discuss about the consequences of certain action.
5. Deontological theory is about responsibility and obligation.

Slide 27 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

REFERENCES
TOPIC

1. ETD. (2002). Moral Studies. Kuala Lumpur: Cosmopoint Sdn Bhd.


2. Abd. Rahman Md. Arof, (1999). Pendidikan Moral, Teori Etika dan Amalan Moral.
Penerbit; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
3. http://www.hinau.co.nz/About%20Social%20Morality%20and%20Law.htm
4. The Urantia Book; Paper 16, Section 7, Morals, Virtue, and Personality,
http://urantiabook.org/newbook/ub/ppr016_7.html
5. Teleological Ethical Theory, http://catpages.nwmissouri.edu/m/rfield/274guide /
274overview4.htm
6. Catherine Rainbow, Descriptions of Ethical Theories and Principles,
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/abernd/indep/carainbow/Theories. Html.

Slide 28 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

Appendix

Figures

Resources

Fig. 1

http://malaysia831.com/data/image/merdeka.jpg&
imgrefurl

Fig. 2

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2F9nTcAJr7c/SmGd4jB
_KRI/AAAAAAAAHY0/C79lePr26W8/s1600/no_t
o_BN.jpg&imgrefurl

Fig. 3

http://anjungweb.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/0
2/al-quran.jpg&imgrefurl

Fig. 4

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_OrPiYD1RcAs/SUo_60
wGv4I/AAAAAAAACtE/SYCYE-DKg8/s320/105.gif&imgrefurll

Fig. 5

http://www.exoticindiaart.com/books/kena_upanis
had_a_study_from_sakta_perspective_idg417.jp
g&imgrefurl

Fig. 6

http://www.history-of-china.com/img/buddhismbook.jpg&imgrefurl

Fig. 7

http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1174577328l/4
18421.jpg&imgrefurl

TOPIC

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CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

Appendix
TOPIC

Figures

Resources

Fig. 8

http://danliterature.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/a
lbert-einstein5.jpg&imgrefurl

Fig. 9

http://www.nd.edu/~lumen/2005_03/images/aristo
tle_lumen.gif&imgrefurl

Fig. 10

http://www.malaysiacfp.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/02/children.jpg&imgrefurl

Fig. 11

Taken from LAD photo collection (learning kit)

Fig. 12

Taken from LAD photo collection (learning kit)

Fig. 13

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9nppnMoerG0/TGLcrE
3xHrI/AAAAAAAAAIg/QVZJqDzpftU/s1600/rightwrong.jpg&imgrefurl

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CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

Appendix
TOPIC

Figures

Resources

Fig. 19

http://static.photaki.com/collection-and-collage-ofparts-ofthehumansmileface_229380.jpg&imgrefurl

Fig. 20

http://wallpapermovie.net/wallpaperOnizlemeDosya
lar/Sean_Penn_in_I_Am_Sam_Wallpaper_2_800.j
pg&imgrefurl

Slide 31 of 17

CHAPTER NO: Chapter Name

NEXT SESSION PREVIEW


TOPIC

YOUR NEXT SESSION


YOUR NEXT SESSION
WILL BE:
WILL BE:

CHAPTER
3:
CHAPTER
3:
The Values of Religion and
The Values
of
Religion
and
Beliefs
Beliefs
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