Maxwells

equations
&
their integral
and differential
forms

Prepared by
MUHAMMAD HASSAN MALIK
Reg#4362
&
MUHAMMAD HUSNAIN
Reg#4363

Table of contents

History and importance

Conceptual description
Laws
Integral form of Maxwell's equations
Differential form of Maxwell's
equations
Summary
References

James Clerk Maxwell (1831

1879)

History & Importance

James Clerk Maxwell(13 June 1831 5 November 1879) was
aScottish theoretical physicist and mathematician.
His
most
prominent
achievement
was
formulating
classicalelectromagnetic theory.
This united all previously unrelated observations, experiments
and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a
consistent theory.
Maxwell's equationsdemonstrated that electricity, magnetism
and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon,
namely theelectromagnetic field. Subsequently, all other classic
laws or equations of these disciplines were simplified cases of
Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell's achievements concerning electromagnetism have been
called the "second great unification in physics",after the first one
byIsaac Newton.

Conceptual
description

Maxwell formulated four equations.

That together form a complete description of the production and
interrelation ofelectric andmagnetic fields.
Maxwell based his description ofelectromagnetic fields on these four
statements

The statements of these four equations are :

Electric field diverges fromelectric charge.

There are no isolated magnetic poles.

Electric fields are produced by changing magnetic fields.

Circulating magnetic fields are produced by changing electric fields
and by electric currents.

Laws
Maxwells equations relate with four basic
physical laws
1. Maxwells 1st law from Gauss's law of
electrostatics.
2. Maxwells 2nd law from Gauss's law of magnetism.
3. Maxwells 3rd law from Faradays law of induction.
4. Maxwells 4th law from Amperes circuital law.

Maxwells 1st law from Guasss

law of electrostatics.

This lawdescribes the relationship between anelectric fieldand

the generatingelectric charges.
The electric field points away from positive charges and towards
negative charges.
In the field line description, electric field lines begin only at positive
electric charges and end only at negative electric charges.
Counting the number of field lines in aclosed surface yields the
total charge enclosed by that surface.
More technically, it relates theelectric fluxthrough any
hypotheticalclosed"Gaussian surface" to the electric charge within
the surface.

&

Maxwells 2nd law from Guasss

law of magnetism.
The magnetic field is
generated by a configuration
called adipole and not due to
material.
Magnetic dipoles are best
represented as loops of current
but resembles a positive and
negative magnetic charges
bound together and having no
net magnetic charge.

Contt.

In terms of field lines, this equation states that magnetic field lines
neither begin nor end but make loops or extend to infinity and back.

In other words, any magnetic field line that enters a given volume
must somewhere exit that volume.

Equivalent technical statements are that the totalmagnetic

fluxthrough any Gaussian surface is zero.

&

Maxwells 3rd law from

Faradays law of induction

This lawdescribes how a time

varyingmagnetic fieldcreates ("induces")
anelectric field.
This aspect of electromagnetic inductionis
the operating principle behind
manyelectric generators:
For example a rotatingbar magnetcreates
a changing magnetic field, which in turn
generates an electric field in a nearby wire.
(Note: there are two closely related
equations which are called Faraday's law.
The form used in Maxwell's equations is
always valid but more restrictive than that
originally formulated byMichael Faraday.)

&

Maxwells 4th law from

Amperes circuital law.

This law states that magnetic fields

can be generated in two ways:
By electrical current(this was the
original "Ampere's law") and by
changing electric fields (this was
"Maxwell's correction").
Maxwell's correction to Ampere's law
is particularly important:
It means that a changing magnetic
field creates an electric field,
anda changing electric field creates a
magnetic field.
Therefore, these equations allow selfsustaining "electromagnetic waves" to
travel through empty space .

Contt.

The speed calculated for electromagnetic waves, which could be

predicted from experiments on charges and currents,exactly
matches thespeed of light;
lightisone form of electromagnetic radiation (as areX-rays,radio
waves, and others).
Maxwell understood the connection between electromagnetic
waves and light in 1861, thereby unifying the previously-separate
fields ofelectromagnetismandoptics

&

Maxwells equations in integral

form
Integral form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:
I.Gauss' law for electricity

II.Gauss' law for magnetism

III.Faraday's law of induction

IV.Ampere's law

Maxwells equations in
differential form
Differential form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:

I.Gausss law for electricity

II.Gausss law for magnetism

III.Faraday's law of induction

IV.Ampere's law

Summary

In short Maxwell introduced the concept of magnetic and electric

fields.
He did this by deriving his ideas from the basic electric and
magnetic laws given by other scientists like Gauss , Faraday &
Ampere.
He formulated four equation using the previous knowledge from
the laws of the above mentioned scientists.
And derived these equations in integral as well as in their
differential from.
Maxwell also help in determining the speed of electromagnetic
waves
And considered light also as electromagnetic waves
This idea helped a lot in expanding the field of optics
He also worked with the theory of relativity.

Referencess

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell
http://www.answers.com/topic/maxwell-s-equations
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/maxeq.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VFPt_dipole_magnetic2.svg
(picture)
http://www.radioelectronicschool.net/files/downloads/faradyanim.g
if(picture)
http://www.mikesmagnetsplus.com/sol.gif (picture)

Thank you ..

Any
Question?