Chapter 2

Part A

Atomic Theory of Matter 2.1

Atomos = indivisible or uncuttable
Democritus (4th to 5th C. Greece)

Idea disappeared until 17th C. Europe

Daltons Atomic Theory 2.1

3The total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the same as
the total mass present before that reaction.

=Law of Conservation of Mass

4In a given compound, the relative numbers and kinds
of atoms are constant.

=Law of Constant Composition

All lead Dalton to conclude:

Law of Multiple Proportions 2.1

If two elements A and B combine to form more
than one compound, the masses of B that can
combine with a given mass of A are in the
ratio of small whole numbers

Early History of Subatomic Particles 2.2

Particles which compose atoms
no direct evidence for existence of atoms
and certainly not their composition until
until 18th to 19th centuries

Brief History of Subatomic Particles 2.2

Mid to late 1800s: Thompson: cathode ray tube: high
voltage in a vacuum tube caused particles in tube to fluoresce
Experiments showed that rays were deflected by electric and magnetic
fields

Brief History of Subatomic Particles 2.2

Must be charge = discovery of electron
(Thompson)
Also able to calculate 1.76*108 C/g = charge/mass of e-

Early 1900s: Robert Millikan determined

individual charge and mass of e 1.602*10-19 C
9.10*10-28 g (2000 times smaller than mass of H)

Radioactivity 2.2
Late 1800s: Becquerel discovered that
U compounds (oxides and others)
spontaneously emit high energy radiation
Curies studied to isolate radioactive
components
Nobel Prize in 1903 jointly with
Becquerel
Marie Curie: second Nobel Prize in 1911
for her discovery of Po and Ra

Radioactivity (contd.) 2.2

Later: Rutherford differentiated 3 different types of
radiation:
rays are unaffected
, rays are bent by an electrical field
(+ plate attracts raysopposites attract)

Similar to X rays: no particles nor charge

Nuclear Model of Atoms 2.2

Thompson2: since e- are small part of atomic
mass must be small part of its size
Nuclear model of atom via scattering
experiment (+ of nucleus repels + of
particles)

Finally 2.2
By 1930s determined nucleus contained:
protons+ and neutrons
Electrons - circulated outside

Discovery of Atomic Structure 2.2

Si atoms, post-1965

Modern View of Atomic Structure 2.3

Only 3 particles which affect chemical
behavior
Charge of electron = charge of proton
and we typically report as -/+ 1
Charge of neutron = 0
Why then does atom have no net electrical
charge?

Atomic Structure 2.3

Outer sphere electrons

Attracted to nuclear protons;
Strength of these forces can
Explain elemental differences

Major role in chemical

reactions

Atomic Mass Unit 2.3

Unit of mass for atomic particles since
1 amu = 1.66054*10-24 g

*Most of atomic mass in nucleus*

Atomic Diameter 2.3

Atom:
1-5
1 = 1*10-5 m
Nucleus:
DENSE:
1013 1014 g/cm
10-4 = 0.0001

H atom
nucleus

Atomic Number1, Mass Number2,

Isotopes3 2.3
1--Elements are differentiated by number of
protons (+) in their atoms = number of
electrons (-) same for all atoms of

one element

2--Elements also differentiated by number of

neutrons () and protons (+)
3--Atoms with same atomic number but
different mass number (different number of
neutrons)

Atomic Mass 2.4

19th Century:
Dalton suggested 1H as first relative atomic mass
later improved this to state relative atomic mass in terms of
1H = 1/16 O (since O in many known compounds)
Because of debates and uncertainties, in 1961:

Definition of amu:
Mass 12C = 12 amu
Therefore, by this standard, mass 1H = 1.0078 amu
16O= 15.9949 amu

1 amu = 1.66054*10-24 g
1 g = 6.02214*1023 amu

Atomic Weight 2.4

Several isotopes for most elements

Average atomic mass = atomic weight
= (atomic mass of isotope) * (isotope abundance)
(for all known isotopes of THAT element)

Periodic Table 2.5

Developed 1869 significant chemical
tool to this day 2014
Periodic patterns
when arranged by
atomic number

3
Soft,
reactive
metals

2
nonreactive
coinage
metals

nonreactive
gases

Group Names 2.5

More About Periodic Table 2.5

Metals: lustrous, high
conductivity, solids at 25 C

Metalloids: intermediate
properties
Non-metals: differ from
metals in many physical
properties
S,L or G at 25 C

Group Problem 1
Selenium is sold as a dietary supplement.
It is widely advertised to protect women
from breast cancer. Write the nuclear
symbol for naturally occuring selenium. It
has 34+ and 46 .

Group Problem 2
U 235 is the common isotope for uranium
used in nuclear power plants. In the
atoms:
How many + and where are they?
How many and where are they?
How many and where are they?

Group Problem 3
From sample exercise 2.4
Three natural isotopes of Si are: 28Si
(92.23%), atomic mass 27.97693 amu;
29
Si (4.68%), atomic mass 28.97649 amu;
30
Si (3.09%), atomic mass 29.97377 amu.
Calculate the atomic weight of Si: