FILTERS DESING

CLASIFICATION OF FILTERS

Block Diagram Symbols for

Filters

CLASIFICATIONS BY RESPONSE TYPE (INSERTION LOSS FUNCTION)

BUTTERWORTH OR MAXIMALY FLATE:

T(

TCHEBYCHEFF OR EQUAL RIPPLE PASS BAND:

T(2 Tn(
INVERSE TCHBYCHEFF MAXIMALLY FLATE PASS BAND &
EQUAL RIPPLE STOP BAND

T(2 Tn(
ELLIPTIC FUNCTION OR QUASIELLIPTIC FUNCTION
(EQUAL RIPPLE IN BOTH PASS BAND AND STOP BAND)
BESSEL THOMPSON (FLATE GROUP DELAY)

The Butterworth filter is a type of signal processing filter designed to have as flat a
frequency response as possible in the passband. It is also referred to as a maximally flat
magnitude filter. It was first described in 1930 by the British engineer and physicist
Stephen Butterworth in his paper entitled "On the Theory of Filter Amplifiers".
An ideal electrical filter should not only completely
reject the unwanted frequencies but should also have
uniform sensitivity for the wanted frequencies.
Such an ideal filter cannot be achieved but
Butterworth showed that successively closer
approximations were obtained with increasing
numbers of filter elements of the right values. At the
time, filters generated substantial ripple in the passband,
and the choice of component values was highly
interactive. Butterworth showed that a low pass filter
could be designed whose cutoff frequency was
normalized to 1 radian per second and whose
frequency response (gain) was

FILTER BUTTERWORTH
This filter has a flattest response in the passband, their Q is medium and contains no ripple .

Transfer function of the Butterworth filter:

Normalized Butterworth polynomials

Typical Butterworth Filter Topology

For Butterworth filter design

normalized the source and
load resistances (Rs/RL) and
accordance
of
the
last
expression
we
obtained
tables

Table for four elements of the Butterworth low-pass prototype values

for various ratios of source to load impedance (Rs/RL).

Chebyshev filter
This type of filter is a high-Q filter that is used when:
(1) a steeper initial descent into the stopband is required,
(2) the passband response is no longer required to be flat.
With this type of requirement, ripple can be allowed in the passband. As more ripple is introduced, the initial slope
at the beginning of the stopband is increased and produces a more rectangular attenuation curve when compared to
the rounded Butterworth response.
This comparison, both curves are for n = 4 filters

The attenuation of a Chebyshev filter can be found by making a

few simple but tiresome calculations, and can be expressed as:

where
is the Chebyshev polynomial to the order can be found
by defining another parameter: n evaluated at
The Chebyshev response shown has 3 dB of passband ripple
and produces a 10 dB improvement in stopband attenuation
over the Butterworth filter.

The Chebyshev polynomials for the first seven orders are given in Table
The parameter is given by
Where RdB is the passband ripple in decibels
Note that

is not the same as

The quantity

can be found by defining another parameter:

Finally. we have:
where

the ratio of the frequency of interest to

the cutoff frequency,

cosh = the hyperbolic cosine

If your calculator does not have hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic functions, they can be manually determined
from the following relations:
and

DE UN FILTRO PASA BAJO A UN FILTRO PASA BAND

A low-pass filter with a 3-dB cutoff frequency, or a bandwidth of 2 kHz, would transform into a bandpass
filter with a 3-dB bandwidth of 2 kHz. If the response of the low-pass network were down 30 dB at a
frequency or bandwidth of 4 kHz (f/fc

= 2), then the response of the bandpass network would be down 30

dB at a bandwidth of 4 kHz. Thus, the normalized

f/fc.

ratio of bandwidths rather than frequencies, such that:

axis of the low-pass attenuation curves becomes a