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Monera
Protista
Monera
Spirillum
Leptospirosi [leprosy]
Coccus
Bacilllus
Monera
Cyanobacteria - Gleocapsa
Monera
Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoria
Monera
Cyanobacteria - Anabaena
Monera
Cyanobacteria - Anabaena
Kingdom MONERA:
EUBACTERIA
CYANOPHYTA
the Blue-Green Algae
Blue-Green Algae
Phylum Cyanophyta
Habitat: widespread in marine
and fresh water
Notes:
Prokaryotic; no nuclear
membrane or organelles
Lacks cellulose cell walls and
flagella
Uses chlorophyll A, biliproteins,
and carotenoids
May be colonial, filamentous,
unicellular
Moves by extruding mucus
Cyanobacteria
Gloeocapsa
FilamentsofNostoc
communeforming
agelatinousball
Symbiotic Associations of
Cyanobacteria
Anabaena azollae in leaves of the water
fern Azolla
Nostoc in apogeotropic roots of Zamia
Nostoc and other genera in some
lichens
Nostoc in leaves of some tropical
angiosperms
Symbiotic Associations of
Cyanobacteria
Aapogeotropicroot
Hhypocotyl
Pprimaryroot
Nnitrogenfixing
nodule
Glucoseistransferreddirectlytothehost
Heterocysts
InRivularia, InAnaboena,the
theheterocysts heterocystsare
intercalary
arebasal
Oscillatorialacks
heterocysts
Akinetes
Heterocyst
Akinete
Cylindrospermum
Anabaena
CellandFilamentDivision
inCyanophyta
CellDivisionin
Anabaena
Hormogonium
FormationinOscillatoria
FalseBranchinginCyanophyta
InTolypothrix,false
branchingoccurs
adjacenttothe
heterocyst
Scytonema
GeologicalActivitiesof
Cyanobacteria
Travertine(calciumcarbonate)
precipitatedbycyanobacteriain
YellowstoneNationalParkhot Stromatolitesformingon
tidalflatsinWestern
springs(fromMoore)
Australia(fromRaven)
CyanobacteriainAgriculture
TheWaterfernAzolla
Photo
synthetic
tissue
RicePaddy
Section
through
Azolla
leaf
Cavity
Anaboena
Secretory
hair
CyanobacteriaasFood
Flamingoesfeedingon
Spirulinainalkaline
LakeNakuru,Kenya
Protists:
The Simplest
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic
Most are unicellular
Most are aquatic
Varied mode of nutrition
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Nuclei divide by mitosis and meiosis
Varied means of locomotion
U n ic e llu la r
E u k a ry o te s
protista
A n im a l lik e
P la n t lik e
F u n g i lik e
b y lo c o m o t io n
b y p ig m e n t
a n d c e ll w a ll
b y life s t y le
a n d c e ll t y p e
P s e u d o p o d ia
am oeb a
U n ic e llu la r
fla g e lla t e s
W a te r M o ld
w / c e llu lo s e
F la g e lla
g ia r d ia
G o ld e n A lg a e
d ia t o m s
W a te r M o ld
w / c h it in
N o m o t io n
p la s m o d iu m
F ir e A lg a e
d in o fla g e lla t e s
T ru e
S lim e M o ld
C ilia
p a r a m e c iu m
B r o w n A lg a e
k e lp
C e llu la r
S lim e M o ld
R e d A lg a e
seaw eed
G r e e n A lg a e
The Algae
Characteristics of Algae:
Habitat
Photosynthetic Pigments
Cell-wall Components
Carbohydrate Stored
Number and types of flagella
Habitat
Algae have a widespread occurrence
Aquatic: marine, freshwater
Terrestrial: deserts, soils, trees, rocks, etc
Some are symbiotic
e.g. lichen is a symbiotic alliance between a
fungus and an alga.
e.g. Green Algae (zooxanthellae) live within
reef building corals.
Unicellular Algae
Diatoms
These are unicellular algae that look like
and have the variety of snowflakes.
They have glass-like cell walls containing
silica.
The walls have two parts that fit together
like pill boxes.
Pores in the cell walls allow materials to
pass into and out of the diatom.
Diatoms
They have thousands of different
shapes and patterns.
They are among the most abundant
organisms in the ocean.
They have a high oil content.
When they die their shells accumulate
at the bottom of the ocean as
diatomaceous earth.
Kingdom Protista
This kingdom is
very diverse in
habitat and life
form. The
kingdom includes
unicellular
organisms, large
multicellular algae
and plasmodial
slime molds.
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton microscopic plants and
some types of bacteria which obtain their
energy via photosynthesis.
Important to the ecosystem because
Part of the primary producing community
Assist in recycling elements such as carbon
and sulfur which are required elsewhere in the
community.
Phytoplankton
Asexual reproduction keep numbers high
Cyanobacteria can double several times/day
Diatoms are slower, but can double every 1-2
weeks
Phytoplankton
Important groups:
cyanobacteria
dinoflagellates
euglenoids
green algae
diatoms
Characteristics of Algae
Algae must live in or near water
Most algae lack an internal system of
tubes to move water and materials from
one part of the plant to another
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Most are multicellular
Brown algae
red algae:
contain chlorophyll a, some also contain
chlorophyll d, and
they all contain an accessory pigment
called phycobilins
phycobilins absorb the energy of blue light,
which makes it available for photosynthesis
Characteristics
Range in size from microscopic to single
celled organisms to large seaweed
Autotrophic
Form the reproductive structures
gametangia or gamete chambers
Aquatic and have flagella at some point in
life
Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that
synthesis and store starch
Reproduction in Algae
The life cycles of most algae include
both a diploid and a haploid generation
Alternation of generations- when the
production of diploid and haploid cells
-switch back and forth.
STRUCTURE
Thallus (haploid)
Four types of algae
Unicellular
Colonial
Filamentous
multicellular
Colonial algae
Filamentous algae
Enteromorpha
Air Bladders
Multicellular algae
Macrocystis
Fertilizer
Food for humans and animals
Hawaiiian cultural practices
Extracted products:
potash
algin
carrageenan
agar
Porphyra (nori)
Gracilaria (ogo)
Rhodymenia (dulse)
Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
Porphyra (nori)
Gracilaria (ogo)
Carrageenan
Kappaphycus/Eucheuma
(Rhodophyta)
Agar
Extracted from Rhodophyta
REPRODUCTION
MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND
ASEXUALLY
Most sexual reproduction is triggered by
environmental stress
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Zoospores
Plus and minus gametes
Zygospore
Asexual Phase
Algae absorbs its flagellum
Haploid algal cell then divides
mitotically from 2 to 3 times
From 4 - 8 haploid flagellated cells
called zoospores develop in this parent
cell
Zoospores break out of the parent cell
& eventually grow to full size
Sexual Phase
Haploid cells dividing mitotically to produce
either plus or minus gametes
A plus gamete and a minus gamete come
into contact with one another, shed their cell
walls, and fuse to form a diploid zygote
This resting stage of a zygote is called a
zygospore & an withstand bad environmental
conditions
When conditions are bad, the thick wall
opens and the living zoospore emerges
Reproduction in
Chlamydomona
s
Chlorella
cellwall
vacuole
cellmembrane
cytosol
mitochondria
chloroplast
starch
nucleus
Chlamydomonascontractile
flagella
vacuole
http://www.unap.cl/~cbrieba/common/chlamydomonas.jpg
eyespot
cellulosicwall
cellmembrane
nucleus
mitochondria
cytosol
http://universereview.ca/I1023chlamydomonas.jpg
chloroplast
starch
pyrenoid
Chlamydomonascellsofopposite
matingtypejoininsyngamytoform
azygotewhichdevelopsathickwall
asahypnospore.
Uponreturntobetterconditions,the
zygoteundergoesmeiosisandreleases
flagellatedcellsofbothmatingtypes.
http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote.jpg
mitosis
gametes
gametangia
differentiation
Gametophyte
differentiation
mitosis
germination
http://www.unap.cl/~cbrieba/co
mmon/chlamydomonas.jpg
zygote
1N 2N
germination
mitosis
differentiation
Sporophyte
differentiation
sporangium
spores
http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagne
r/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote.j
pg
SYNGAMY
definitelyzygotic
(haplontic)
mitosis
sporocyte
MEIOSIS
http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfw
agner/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec
_Zygote.jpg
http://www.biology.wustl.edu/
faculty/images/goodenoughca
ption.jpg
isitgametic?
(diplontic)
LifeCycleof
Chlamydomonas
Cosmariumzygotes
http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/imgjan01/Zygote3.jpg
http://www.microscopy
uk.org.uk/mag/imgjan01/Z
ygote3.jpg
http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/Bil
der/Cosmarium_tetraophthalmus.jpg
LifeCycleof
Cosmarium
SYNGAMY
mitosis
gametes
zygote
gametangia
isitgametic?
(diplontic)
differentiation
Gametophyte
differentiation
mitosis
germination
1N 2N
germination
mitosis
differentiation
Sporophyte
differentiation
sporangium
spores
mitosis
sporocyte
definitelyzygotic
(haplontic)
http://www.microscopy
uk.org.uk/mag/imgjan01/Z
ygote3.jpg
http://www.isis.de/members/~r
alfwagner/Bilder/Cosmarium_t
etraophthalmus.jpg
MEIOSIS
Ulvalactucathallus
http://bio59000.free.fr/Photosbio59000/Biovegetale/Algues/Ulva%20lactuca.gif
SomespeciesofUlva
areanisogamous.
isogametes syngamy
zygote
settleson
substrate
1N 2N
Gametophytes
+
Sporophyte
settleon
substrate
+
meiosis
Sincethey
aremotile,
Themeiosporesmadeby
theyarealso thesporophyteareoftwo
called
matingtypes.
zoospores.
holdfast
sporocyte
Thelifecycleis:
sporic:diplohaplontic
gametic:diplontic
zygotic:haplontic
Codium
http://massbay.mit.edu/exoticspecies/exoticmaps/images/codium_big.jpg
Thelifecycleis:
sporic:diplohaplontic
gametic:diplontic
zygotic:haplontic
CodiumLifeCycle
syngamy
zygote
1N 2N
Sporophytes
anisogametes
2sexes
holdfast
sporangium
sporocytes
zoospores
meiosis
Oedogoniumthallus
http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/GruKlaOeko/Teichleben/Algen/Oedogonium%20sp..jpg
Oedogonium
Herethefilamentsareoutoffocus.
Theasexualzoosporeisinfocus.
http://www.botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium_Images/Zoospore_MC.low.jpg
Oogonium
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/page/1810/Oedogonium.gif
Oedogonium
Thisisthezoospore,ormaybeitis
thesperm.Bothhavethesame
look!
http://www.biologie.unihamburg.de/bonline/fo44/18.jpg
Whenboth
oogoniumand
antheridium
appearonthe
samefilamentthe
algais
homothallic.
http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/g/chl_oedogonium.jpg
OedogoniumLifeCycle
Sinceantheridia
sperm
andoogoniaareon
thesame
filaments,this
speciesis
chemotaxis
homothallic.
Vegetative
zoosporescan
clonethe
gametophyte
Zoosporessettledown
withaholdfastand
growintoafilament.
syngamy
empty
antheridia
egg
zygote
(hypnospore)
1N 2N
(inoogonium)
(inoogonium)
Thezygote
divides
meioticallyto
release4
zoospores.
meiosis Thislifecycleis
haplontic(zygotic).
Volvox
Volvox is a spherical,
freshwater
colony of Chlorophyta
that is
composed of flagellate
cells.
The colonies are very
large and
can be seen with the
naked eye
in most
circumstances.
Volvox-- overview
Each mature Volvox
colony is composed of
numerous flagellate cells
similar to
Chlamydomonas, on the
order of 10003000 in
total, and embedded in the
surface of a hollow sphere
or coenobium made of a
gelatinous glycoprotein.
More Volvox
The colony is enabled
to swim towards light
as a result of the
eyespots on the cells.
Generally located at
the anterior of the cell,
these eyespots allow
for coordinated
movement of the
colony (connected
together by thin strands
of cytoplasm).
Reproduction
The colony can be either asexual or sexual
with the asexual colonies having both
somatic cells and reproducing cells called
gonidia.
Gonidia cells are located near the posterior
and produce new colonies through rapid
reproduction.
If sexual reproduction takes place, two
types of gametes are produced. Male
colonies will release sperm while female
colonies will grow into oogametes.
VOLVOX
Chlamydomonas
unicellular; motile, with two anterior
flagella that pull the organism through
the water
under lower light intensity a cup
shaped chloroplast, pigmented eyespot
and clear nucleus may be observed
Hydrodictyon
non-motile; colonial
multinucleate cells, separated by cross walls
Oedogonium
non-motile
filamentous (thread-like); unbranched filaments
Ulva
multicellular; relatively large
mature body is a flattened tissue-like sheet
isomorphic alternation of generations
Green Algae
Notes:
Cell walls of cellulose
and nuclear membrane
present
May possess 2 or 4
flagella
Ulva
The leaflike algae Ulva has a sexual
reproductive cycle characterized by a pattern
called alternation of generations
Alternation of generations has two distinct
multicellular phases- a haploid, gameteproducing phase called a gametophyte and a
diploid, spore-producing phase called a
sporophyte
Alternation of Generation also occurs in
more complex land plants, but the
gametophyte & sporophyte do not resemble
each other
A freshwater type
Volvox
A colonial type of
green algae it is
made of many
individual cells.
Spirogyra
In Spirogyra the
chloroplast runs
through the cell like a
coiled spring or helix.
Conjugation in Spirogyra
Conjugation in Spirogyra
Spirogyra forms conjugation
tubes. The contents of one cell
passes through the tube and
fuses with a cell from the other
filament.
Fertilization occurs and a
zygote is formed. This
develops into a thick walled
resistant zygospore, similar to
breadmold! These zygospores
can withstand harsh
conditions. They can survive
the cold winter or when a
pond dries up.
A colour enhanced
photomicrograph of
conjugation in Spirogyra.
Note how the contents of one
cell enter the other through a
conjugation tube.
Macrocystis sp.
Height >300 ft.
Algin
Sargassum sp.
Deepest occurring brown algae
Phylum Phaeophyta
III. Brown algae
* Important structures:
holdfast, stipe, bladder, blades.
These are plantlike features!
Phylum Phaeophyta:
Brown Algae : 99% of the brown algae
species are found in the marine environment.
Characteristics exhibit a wide range of
reproductive strategies, from simple, asexual
cell division to complex forms of sexual
reproduction known as "Alteration of
generations.
The thallus (or body) of the brown kelp algae,
is made of:
kelp
along with cellulose. Kelp is harvested for
this substance which acts as an emulsifier
and thickening agent used in many products.
Emulsifiers allow for a stable and
homogenous mixture of two liquids, which
do not normally mix. .
An alginate impression of
the upper arch
An alginate impression of
the lower arch
Phylum Rhodophyta
Habitat: primarily marine
but some fw
Notes:
Uses Chlor A/D,
carotenoids and
biliproteins
No flagellated life stage
Able to photosynthesize at
very low light levels and
wide range of the spectrum
Phylum Rhodophyta
pigments called Phycobilins: reddish
colour, but not all are red
Some live and photosynthesize at
extreme depths (up to120
metres!)
due to these red pigments which
absorb blue light
some involved in forming coral reefs
produce carageenan and agar
Porphyra sp.
Common name: Nori
Used as the wrappings
around sushi
Dinoflagellata or Pyrrophyta
(dinoflagellates): 1100 species
Major producers in marine habitats
Small, unicellular organisms making up
plankton
Many are photosynthetic, but some are
colorless heterotrophs
Photosynthetic dinoflagellates are
yellow to brown in color due to
chlorophyll a & c and carotenoids
Phylum: Bacillariophyta
THE DIATOMS
Most numerous unicellular algae in
marine water
Cell wall =silica
Used economically as filtering agents,
gentle abrasives (wax)
LM
400
Photosynthetic, unicellular
diatoms
Phylum: Bacillariophyta
Structure:
2 parts:
Epivalve: top
Hypovalve: bottom
2. Pennate
Freshwater algae
Chrysophyta (golden algae)
Euglenophyta
Euglenoids
Phylum Euglenophyta
Habitat: freshwater
Notes:
Mostly unicellular with
1-3 flagella
Nuclear membrane but
no cell walls
Phylum: Euglenophyta
Freshwater
Unicellular
Autotrophic chloroplasts
Movement flagella(um)
Phylum Euglenophyta
1000 species of
Euglenoids
Have both plantlike
and animal-like
characteristics
Fresh water
Euglenoids
Notes:
Found mostly in still water
Can be auto- or heterotrophic
Abundance of heterotrophic forms may be
indicative of pollution
Euglena
Unicellular Algae
Dinoflagellates