FIRE & EARTHQUAKE EVACUATION

DRILL

Comparative Statistics
2008

2009

139

121

No. of
Fatalities

3 civilians

1 civilian

No. of Injuries

6 civilian

3 civilian

51, 842,100.00

50,111,050.00

No. of Fire
Incidents

Estimated
Damages

Fire Hazard Any condition or act

whichHAZARDS
increases or may cause an
FIRE
increase in the probability of the
occurrence of fire, or which may
obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere
with the fire fighting operations and
the safeguarding of life and property.

IDENTIFICATION OF FIRE HAZARDS

Sources of Heat
Fuel
People action
Equipment failures
Fire protective devices
Fire safety constructions

KINDS OF HAZARDS
SPECIAL HAZARDS- that arises from
the processes or operations.
COMMON HAZARDS- probable
frequency of the hazard being found
Personal hazard- the most serious
of all common hazards.

FUEL SUPPLY HAZARDS

HEAT SOURCE HAZARDS
Chemical heat energy-heat of
combustion, heat of decomposition,
spontaneous heating, and heat
solution.
Mechanical heat energy- friction heat
and heat of compression.
Nuclear heat energy- heat created by
fission and not common.

Electrical heat energy- resistance

heating, di-electric heating, leakage
current heating, heat from arcing,
heat from static electricity.

BASIC CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

A. WHAT IS FIRE?
it is the result of a rapid
combustion reaction.
B. THREE ELEMENTS OF FIRE
1. FUEL any combustible
material, solid, liquid or gas;
most solids or liquids become
vapor or gas before they will
burn.

2. OXYGEN (oxidizing agent) are

those materials that yield oxygen or
other oxidizing gases during the
course of a chemical reaction.
Oxidizers are not themselves
combustible, but they support
combustion when combined with a
fuel.
3. HEAT is the energy component
of the fire tetrahedron. When heat
comes into contact with a fuel, the
energy supports the combustion
reaction.

CHEMICAL REACTION a series of

reactions that occur in sequence with the

result of each individual reaction being
added to the rest.
FIRE TRIANGLE or TETRAHEDRON THEORY

FU

HE
AT

Temperature

Oxidizing Agent

EL

Reducing Agent
Chemical
Chain
Reaction

OXYGEN

If any of these is removed, a fire cannot exist.

FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT THEORY

a.) Reducing its Temperature
b.) Removal of available Fuel
c.) Exclusion of Oxygen
d.) Inhibition of Self-Sustained Chemical
Chain Reaction.

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

It is a handy first aid firefighting
equipment.
METHOD OF OPERATION OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
Cartridge type
Stored pressure type
Self Expellant

TWO METHODS OF LABELING FIRE

EXTINGUISHERS
Uses specifically colored
geometric shapes with the class
letter shown within the shape.
Uses a picture that is designed
to make the selection of fire
extinguishers more effective and
safe to use.

LIMITATIONS OF PORTABLE FIRE

EXTINGUISHERS
It is usually a first aid
method for extinguishing
fire.
They are designed and rated
with certain types and sizes
of fires in mind.

CLASSES OF FIRE AND ITS

EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
CLASS A
Fires involving ordinary combustibles
such as: wood, paper, cloth, plastics
and rubber.
It can be extinguished with water,
water-based agents or foam, and
multi-purpose dry chemicals.
Water is usually used by the fire
dept.

CLASS B
Fires involving flammable and
combustible liquids, gases and
greases such as: gasoline, oils,
alcohol, propane and cooking oils.
Common extinguishing agents are
carbon dioxide (CO2), regular
and multi-purpose dry chemical
and foam.

CLASS C
Fires involving energized
electrical equipment, which
eliminates the use of waterbased agents to put them out.
The recommended method of
fighting these fires is to turn-off
or disconnect electrical power
and then use an appropriate
extinguisher depending on the
remaining fuel source.
Extinguishing agents includes
carbon dioxide (CO2), regular
and multi-purpose dry
chemical.

CLASS D
Fires involving combustible
metals and alloys such as:
magnesium, sodium, lithium,
and potassium.
Great case must be used when
attempting to extinguish in
these types of fuels.
Extinguishing agents for this
class of fire are called dry
powders and should not be
confused with dry chemical.

CLASS K
Is a new classification of fire as
of 1998 and involves fires in
combustible cooking fuels such
as vegetable or animal oils and
fats.
Its fuels are similar to Class B
fuels but involves high
temperature cooking oils and
therefore have special
characteristics.
Class K agents are usually wet
chemicals.

CLASS E
Fires involving high voltage
electrical installation and bulk
LPG.

This class of fire needs special

fire fighting operation by trained
personnel.

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER OPERATION

Just remember the word PASS in
operating a fire extinguishers.

Pull the pin (then test for pressure).

Aim the nozzle.
Squeeze the operating lever.
Sweep it to the base of the fire

WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE

1.If you detect smoke or evidence
of fire see if it is still possible for you
to extinguish it.
2. Call the fire department.
3. Close transoms and doors at
once.
4. Shut off main switches of
electrical current if fire is electrical in
nature.
5.Take time to plan your exit. Do not
panic. In going out from a room, feel
the door first before opening.

6. If the hallway appears safe, use

the planned exit.
7. If the hallway is not safe, plug up
any openings, cracks or holes in the
room through which smoke may
enter by using wet towels, blankets
or sheets of cloth.
8. Open the window slightly and stay
near it. Be clam, avoid hysteria and
do not panic.
9. In the event that you are able to
rush out of the building with your
cloths on fire, smother the flame
with a wet blanket or sheet. If none,
roll over the ground.

10. As soon as responding firefighters

arrive at the scene, give them way
and help clear the area so that they
can operate orderly.
HOW TO STAY SAFE AND GET OUT
OF
A BURNING BUILDING
1. Always be prepared for fire
2. Take no chances of entering a
burning building to save property.

3. It is always dangerous to remain

in a burning building.
4. If caught in a fire inside a
building and there is a mad rush of
people in panic for the main exit,
keep out of the crowd and attempt
to find some other means of escape.
5. If forced to remain further in
smoked filled building, Stay close to
the floor therefore by crawling
towards the exit.
6. If burned in a fire, report for
medical treatment at once. Many
burns or smoke inhalations that at
first seem not serious, but later on
have a fatal results.

FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES IN

GOVERNMENT/PRIVATE
ESTABLISHMENTS
1. Qualified electricians should
regularly check all electrical wiring
installations.
2. All electrical appliances should be
unplugged and turn off all the lights
before leaving offices or rooms.
3. All trashcans should be emptied
before the close of school hours.
4. Flammable liquids and
combustible materials should not be
stored inside offices.

5. Floor wax, oily or waxed rags

should be kept inside non
combustible containers with cover.
6. All waste materials, rubbish or
scrap should be discharged from
school/office premises.
7. Have a fire extinguisher within
reach at all times.
8. A fire/disaster brigade should be
organized and conduct regular
evacuation drill.

FIRE SAFETY CREEDO

It takes one minute to write a Safety
Rule;
It takes one hour to hold a Safety
meeting;
It takes one week to plan a Safety
program;
It takes one day to inspect a workplace;
It takes one month to put into practice;
It takes one year to win a Safety award;
It takes a lifetime to make a Safety
worker;
It takes only a second to destroy all in
one FIRE

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere

Layers of the Earth

Lithosphere is the
outermost layer of the
earth's crust.
The lithosphere is
about 40 - 250 miles
deep or 60 - 400
kilometers deep.

 The asthenosphere is
white hot and can be
deformed. The
asthenosphere is not liquid
but there is a small
amount of melted rock
there. The asthenosphere
is more solid than liquid.
The asthenosphere is
about 400 - 700
kilometers deep or 250 435 miles thick.

EARTHQUAKE
What is Earthquake?
Feeble shaking to violent
trembling of the ground
produced by the sudden
displacement of rocks or rock
materials below the earths
surface.

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
Sudden displacements along
faults fissures in the solid and
rigid layer of the earth.
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
Induced by rising lava or
magma beneath active
VOLCANOES

Earthquake prone areas

.
Along tectonic plate
margins
Along active faults

Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?

When exactly a strong earthquake
would occur cannot be predicted at
present
Where earthquakes would be
generated can be determined
Maximum Size (magnitude) of an
earthquake that can be generated
by a fault can be estimated
Effect of an earthquake can be
assessed and evaluated

Damaging effect of an earthquake

can be prevented or minimized
MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
STRENGTH
Magnitude
A measure of the total energy
released at the earthquakes point
of origin (below earths surface)
based on information derived from a
seismograph (Reported in Arabic
numerals ex. 6.3, 7.5)

The M7.6 30 September 2009

Sumatra Earthquake

Intensity
Perceived strength of an
earthquake based on relative effect
to people and structures (on the
earths surface); generally higher
near the epicenter (Reported as
Roman numerals ex. VII, X)

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Ground Shaking
Collapse of Building

Liquefaction

Ground Rupture

Tsunami

Fire
Landslide

HOW TO REDUCE EARTHQUAKE LOSSES

The occurrence of earthquakes

cannot be prevented. Therefore,
the only way to prevent disasters
caused by earthquakes is to
anticipate and prepare the
occurrence of earthquakes.

WAYS TO DO BEFORE EARTHQUAKE

Evaluate the structural soundness
of the buildings and places wherein
you frequently stay.
Prepare your place of residence for
the event.
Strap heavy furniture to restrict
sliding or toppling during
earthquakes.

Familiarize yourself with your

place of work.
Do not use the elevators during
and after an earthquake.
Prepare a stock of potable
water, flashlight, radio and
batteries, spare clothes and some
food packed and ready to take
with you in case an earthquake
forces you to evacuate your
place.

WHAT TO DO DURING THE EARTHQUAKE

If you are indoors, stay

there. The best thing to do is
to protect your body from
falling debris by getting under
a sturdy table or desk or by
bracing yourself in the
doorway or corner of the
room.

If you are outside, move

to an open area away from
power lines, posts, trees,
walls and the like.
If the earthquake occurs
while you are out in the
fields or forests, stay clear
from steep escarpments
which may be affected by
landslides.

When driving a vehicle

during earthquake, pull to the
side of the road and stop. Do
not attempt to cross bridges or
overpasses which may have
been damaged by earthquake.

In crowded places like stores,

theatres, malls and churches, do
not rush to the exit! Try to calm
the crowd and direct them away
from materials which may fall.
If you are residing in a coastal
area, always be aware of
tsunamis. Immediately run to the
safe and higher area.

WHAT TO DO IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE

EARTHQUAKE
Check yourself and others for
injuries
Wear shoes and protection.
Use flashlight when searching.
Check for fires and if any, have
it controlled!
Check your water, electrical, or
gas lines for defects.
Clean up spills immediately.

Never touch fallen electrical

wirings or objects touched by
these wires.
Do not use the telephone
except for emergency calls.
Gather information from
battery operated radios or from
victim assistance centers which
the government shall provide for
the purpose.
Do not use your vehicle unless
there is an emergency.

Be prepared for aftershocks.

Obey public safety
precautions.
If you must evacuate, leave
a message on where you are
headed and take with you a
disaster kit.