BENTUKLAHAN

ASAL VULKANIS

BENTUKLAHAN ASAL VULKANIS

Vulkanisme : Berbagai penomena yang berkaitan
dengan gerakan magma kepermukaan bumi

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DISTRIBUSI VULKANO
Location of the Earth's
major volcanoes. Most
occur along tectonic
plate boundaries where
plate subduction
creates rising plumes
of magma. The
volcanoes that do not
occur along plate
boundaries are the
result of localized
asthenosphere
hot spots that melt
through the Earth's
crust. The Hawaiian
Island chain of
volcanoes was create

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Vulkano : Gundukan atau kerucut yang tersusun atas
batuan beku lelehan atau bahan klastis

Smoking Bromo and Semeru (background) volcanoes on

Java in Indonesia.

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Lava intruded into fissures solidifies to form
dikes, sill.

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TYPES OF ERUPTIONS

Nonexplosive eruption. Low viscosity

basaltic lava flow from an active volcano on one
of the Hawaiian Islands.

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TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
Explosive eruption being associated with the emission
or acid magmas.

An eruption on
Klauea, Hawaii

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ERUPTION
Two distinct modes of solidification are exhibited
by flowing lava. There are most commonly referred
to as pahoehoe & aa types of solidification
Lava menuju kepermukaan bumi

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ERUPTION
Phoehoe (Hawaiian English, from Hawaiian, meaning
"smooth, unbroken lava") is basaltic lava that has a
smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface.

Toes of a phoehoe advance across a road in Kalapana

on the east rift zone of Klauea Volcano in Hawaii.

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ERUPTION
'A' (Hawaiian English, from Hawaiian meaning "stony
with rough lava", but also to "burn" or "blaze"). 'A' is
characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of
broken lava blocks called clinker

Glowing a flow front

advancing over phoehoe on
the coastal plain of Klauea in
Hawaii

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ERUPTION
'A' Lava

A dark tephra cloud rises

from a large methane gas
explosion in front of a slowmoving `a`a flow on Mauna
Loa Volcano, Hawai`i

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Erupsi : Proses keluarnya material gunungapi
kepermukaan bumi akibat tekanan dari dalam bumi
melalului celah atau lubang
TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
1. Hawaiian
2. Strombolian
3. Vulcanian
4. Pelean

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ERUPTIONS
The Hawaiian type of eruption is marked by
much fluid, effusive, basaltic lava. Scoria
mounds may be built around lava vents. Lava
rarely pours out of the crater but more
commonly issues through fissures around the
sides of the volcanic pile as flank eruption

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ERUPTIONS
true strombolian activity is characterized by shortlived, explosive outbursts of pasty lava ejected a few
tens or hundreds of meters into the air. Although
Strombolian eruptions are much noisier than Hawaiian
eruptions, they are no more dangerous. eruptions
produce little or no flowing lava.

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ERUPTIONS
However, during the end stages of scoria-cone formation,
it is not unusual for Strombolian activity to wane and give
way to the calm extrusion of basaltic lava flows. As a
general rule, a'a lava flows appear to be more common
than the more fluid pahoehoe types.

Strombolian activity from

Mt. Etna in October 2002.

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ERUPTIONS
Vulcanian eruption eject viscous lavas which do not
remain liquid long after coming in contact with air. The
lava crusts over between eruptions, and each new
explosion causes fragmentation of this frozen crust.
Much ash is emitted, and ash-laden gases rise to form
large dark cauliflower-like clouds.

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ERUPTIONS
Pelean eruption the lava is extremely viscous and
violent explosions are characteristic. These glowing
clouds consist of a mixture of extremely hot,
incandescent fine ash and coarser rock fragments
permeated with hot gases o form a short emulsion

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ERUPTIONS
CENTRAL ERUPTIONS are eruption which take
place through circumcribed vents
FISSURE ERUPTION are eruption which take place
along a fissure or series of fissures

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The rock fragments ejected during explosive
activity are known as pyroclastic materials,
they are : Volcanic dust, volcanic ash, lapilli,
scoriae, bombs, and block

Mount St. Helens

eruption on May 18, 1980.

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ERUPTION
LAVA TUBES are natural conduits through which lava
travels beneath the surface of a lava flow, expelled by a
volcano during an eruption. They can be actively draining
lava from a source, or can be extinct, meaning the lava
flow has ceased and the rock has cooled and left a long,
cave-like channel.

Thurston Lava Tube in

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The step
mark on the right wall indicates the depth
at which the lava flowed for a period of

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FEATURES OF LAVA FIELD
LAVA CHANNEL
The walls of this inactive lava channel
record the different heights of the lava
surface during the flow's waning stages

the surface of an `a`a flow on

Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i.

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TYPES OF VOLCANOES
4 Type of volcano :
1. Basalt cone
2. Basalt dome or Shield volcanoes
3. Cinder cone
4. Strato volcano

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TYPES OF VOLCANOES

BASALT CONE are lower cones because of the fluidity

of basaltic lava.

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TYPES OF VOLCANOES
A SHIELD VOLCANO is a wide volcano with shallowly-sloping
sides. Its formed by lava flows of low viscosity lava that
flows easily. Consequently, a volcanic mountain having a broad
profile is built up over time by flow after flow of relatively fluid
basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the
volcano

Mauna Kea, a shield volcano, on the Island of

Hawaii with a light dusting of snow.

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TYPES OF VOLCANOES
A CINDER CONE is a small volcano, between 100 and 400
meters tall, made up of exploded rock blasted out of a central
vent at a high velocity. These volcanoes develop from magma of
basaltic to intermediate composition (andesite).

Cinder cone volcano. Note

how the vegetation near
the mound has been burnt
by lava flows.

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TYPES OF VOLCANOES
A STRATO VOLCANO is a tall, conical volcano
composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and
volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a
steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions.

Mount Merapi in August 2003

showing steam venting from the
crater.

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TYPES OF VOLCANOES
A Strato-volcano exhibits through stratification
produced by alternating sheets of lava &
pyroclastic material
Popocatpetl, an active stratovolcano
in Mexico

Mt. Rainier, a stratovolcano

in Washington

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OTHER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANOES
ASH SHOWER. One of chief
product of vulcanian & pelean
types of eruptions is volcanic ash.
Ash shower are commonly cold.

Consolidated pyroclastic flow deposits of Bukit

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OTHER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANOES
VOLCANIC MUDFLOWS OR LAHAR is a type of
mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water that
flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.
Lahars have the consistency of concrete: fluid when
moving, then solid when stopped. large lahars can flow
several tens of meters per second, and can flow for many
kilometres, causing catastrophic destruction along the
way.

Lahar from a March

1982 eruption of
Mount St. Helens.

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OTHER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANOES
A PLUG DOME OR LAVA DOME is mound-shaped
growth resulting from the eruption of high-silica lava
(usually rhyolite and/or dacite) from a volcano. The high
silica content makes the lava very viscous, so that it
cannot flow very far from its vent before solidifying. Lava
domes are one of the principal structural features of many
stratovolcanoes worldwide.

One of the Mono Craters, an

example of a rhyolite dome.

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OTHER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANOES
A PLUG DOME OR LAVA DOME
Domes may reach heights of several hundred metres, and
can grow slowly and steadily for months or years. lava
domes can be unstable and prone to collapse.
Novarupta rhyolite lava
dome in
Katmai National Park,
Alaska. It was the
source vent for a major
eruption in 1912,
causing the summit of
nearby Katmai to
collapse and creating
the Valley of Ten

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DEPRESSION FORMS
VOLCANIC CRATERS may result from either explosif
activity or from susidence. Expulsion of volcanic ash, lapili
& other forms of ejecta may build a ring about volcanic
vent & produce a crater.

Summit Crater

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DEPRESSION FORMS
A CALDERA is a volcanic feature formed by the
collapse of a volcano into itself, making it a large, special
form of volcanic crater. Calderas may be filled with
water, creating crater lakes

Crater Lake, Oregon

A caldera is a volcanic feature formed
by the collapse

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VOLCANIC SKELETON
VOLCANIC NECK may be all that is left of former volcnic
cones & dome in old age. One of volcanic neck is Devil tower.
Presumably, if Devils Tower was a volcanic plug, any
volcanics created by it (volcanic ash, lava flows, volcanic
debris) would have been eroded away long ago.

Devils Tower National Monument