Chapter3

Motionin2dimensions

1)Displacement,velocityandacceleration
displacementisthevector
frominitialtofinal
position

r r
r = r r0

y
x

r
rx = xcomponentofr = x
r
ry = ycomponentofr = y

x = rx r0 x = x x0
y = ry r0 y = y y0

1)Displacement,velocityandacceleration
averagevelocity

r
v

r
v

vx

1)Displacement,velocityandacceleration

r
v

instantaneousvelocity

r
v

r
v0

vx

vistangenttothepath
vcanchangeevenifvis
constant

1)Displacement,velocityandacceleration

r
v
r
v

averageacceleration

r
a

r
a

r
v0

ax

notingeneralparallel
tovelocity

1)Displacement,velocityandacceleration

r
v

instantaneousacceleration

r
a

r
v0

ax

1)Displacement,velocityandacceleration

r
v

instantaneousacceleration

r
a

r
a

r v
v r
v0

objectspeedingupina
straightline

r
v0
r
v

accelerationparalleltovelocity
objectatconstantspeedbut
changingdirection
accelerationperp.tovelocity

2)Equationsofkinematicsin2d
Superposition(Galileo):Ifanobjectissubjectedtotwo
separateinfluences,eachproducingacharacteristictype
ofmotion,itrespondstoeachwithoutmodifyingits
responsetotheother.
Thatis,weconsiderxandymotionseparately

2)Equationsofkinematicsin2d
vy
vx

vx
vy

Abulletfiredverticallyinacarmovingwithconstant
velocity,intheabsenceofairresistance(andignoring
Coriolisforcesandthecurvatureoftheearth),willfall
backintothebarrelofthegun.Thatis,thebullets
xvelocityisnotaffectedbytheaccelerationinthe
ydirection.

2)Equationsofkinematicsin2d
Thatis,wecanconsiderxandymotionseparately

2)Equationsofkinematicsin2d
Thatis,wecanconsiderxandymotionseparately
Displacement : x, y(x0

Example

r
v0

r
v
v0 x

r
a

r
Findx, y, v att

v0

vx r
v

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
a)Equations
Considerhorizontal(x)andvertical(y)motionseparately(but
withthesametime)
Horizontalmotion:Noacceleration==>ax=0

Verticalmotion:Accelerationduetogravity==>ay=g
usualequationsforconstantacceleration

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
Example:Fallingcarepackage
Findx.
Step1:Findtfrom
verticalmotion
Step2:Findxfrom
horizontalmotion

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
Example:Fallingcarepackage
Step1:
Givenay,y,v0y
Solve
y

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
Example:Fallingcarepackage
Step2:
x

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
b)Natureofthemotion:Whatisy(x)?
Eliminatetfromy(t)andx(t):

Substitute:


y

y(x)isaparabola

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
c)Cannonballphysics

r
Initialvelocityv isgiven:
Either(v0 x , v0 y )or(v0 ,

Find(i)height,(ii)timeofflight,(iii)range

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
r
c)Cannonballphysics

Initialvelocityv isgiven:
Either(v0 x , v0 y )or(v0 ,

(i) Height:
Consideronlyymotion:v0ygiven,ay=gknown
Thirdquantityfromconditionformaxheight:vy=0

Usev 2

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
r
c)Cannonballphysics

Initialvelocityv isgiven:
Either(v0 x , v0 y )or(v0 ,

(ii)Timeofflight:
Consideronlyymotion:v0ygiven,ay=gknown
Thirdquantityfromconditionforendofflight;y=0

Usey

3)ProjectileMotion(nofriction)
r

Initialvelocityv isgiven:
Either(v0 x , v0 y )or(v0 ,

c)Cannonballphysics

(iii)Range:
Considerxmotionusingtimeofflight:x=v0xt
Fory

or,R