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DAY 1

WCDMA Principles

In compliance with ISO9001

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Quality

Training

Manpower

Services

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

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Mobile Network
Evolution

1G
Analogue

2.5G
Packet Data

2G
Digital

WCDMA

EDGE

GSM
NMT

2.75G
Enhanced Data

GPRS
TDMA

384K

115K

TD-SCDMA
2M

TACS

PDC

AMPS

cdma2000
1X EV-DO

CDMA 1X

CDMA

2.4M

144K
1982-1996+

In compliance with ISO9001

2M, 14M

1992-2002+

Cost
Effective

Quality

2001+

Training

Manpower

2004+

Services

2002-2004+

Network
Spectrum
3G Service Area

Uplink

Downlink

Mumbai

1959-1964 MHz

2149-2154 MHz

Delhi

1974-1979 MHz

2164-2169 MHz

Kolkata

1974-1979 MHz

2164-2169 MHz

Punjab

1964-1969 MHz

2154-2159 MHz

Rajasthan

1959-1964 MHz

2149-2154 MHz

Madhya Pradesh

1969-1974 MHz

2159-2164 MHz

West Bengal

1964-1969 MHz

2154-2159 MHz

Himachal Pradesh

1974-1979 MHz

2164-2169 MHz

Bihar

1969-1974 MHz

2159-2164 MHz

Orissa

1974-1979 MHz

2164-2169 MHz

Assam

1959-1964 MHz

2149-2154 MHz

North East

1974-1979 MHz

2164-2169 MHz

Jammu & Kashmir

1969-1974 MHz

2159-2164 MHz

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Target of IMT2000
Global uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless coverage
High efficient spectrum utility
High quality of service, high security
Easy for evolution from 2G system
Providing multimedia service
Car speed environment: 144kbps
Walk speed environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2048kbps

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WCDMA FDD
WCDMA FDD
Multiple access method

DS-CDMA

Duplex Method

Frequency Division

Frequency Band

Uplink : 1920-1980MHz, Downlink : 2110-2170MHz

Base Station Synchronization

Asynchronous/Synchronous operation

Chip Rate

3.84Mcps

Frame Length

10ms

Service multiplexing

Multiple Services with different QoS are multiplexed on a single connection

Multi-user detection, smart antennas

Supported by standard, optional in implementation

Power Control

Fast Power Control, 1.5KHz

Handover

Softer, Soft & Hard Handover

Transmit Diversity

Open & Closed Loop

Voice Coding

AMR Voice Coding, rate 4.75kb 12.2kbps

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WCDMA Voice Evolution


Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of 4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve system capacity
Provide high fidelity voice mode
Fast power control

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Data Service Evolution of WCDMA


Support maximum 2Mbps data service
Support packet switch
Adopt ATM platform currently
Provide QoS
Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet
services better
Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric data service, such as voice, video phone,
conference TV

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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

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WCDMA Network
Structure
CS domain
MSC/VLR

GSM /GPRS BSS


BSC

PSTN/other PLMN

GMSC

A
HLR/AUC

BTS

SCE

Gb

PCU

SS7
SMS

RNC
NodeB

SCP

Iu-CS

SGSN

GGSN

CG

UTRAN

Internet,
Intranet

PS backbone

Iu-PS

BG

PS domain

Other PLMN

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WCDMA Interfaces

MSC

MSC

SGSN

Iu-CS

A Interface

Iu-PS

Gb

BSC
BSS

SGSN

RNC

A-bis

UTRAN

Uu

Uu

UE

UE

UE

GSM

Cost
Effective

NodeB

NodeB

Um

In compliance with ISO9001

RNC
Iub

Iub

BTS

Iur

WCDMA

Quality

Training

Manpower

Services

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

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Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies


Section 1
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 2
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

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Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies


Section 1
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 2
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

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Block Diagram of WCDMA System

Source
coding

Channel
coding

Spreading

Modulation

Radio channel

Channel
decoding

Source
decoding

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Despreading

Services

Demodulation

Common Technical Terms


Bit, Symbol, Chip:
A bit is the input data which contain information
A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block interleaving
A chip is the output of spreading
Processing Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
Closely related to spreading factor, SF.
Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to mobile station
Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to base station

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WCDMA System
Source Coding
Voice : Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps
Channel Coding
CRC Attachment.
Check for error during transmission.
Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information
Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission
Convolutional or Turbo Coding
Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling
Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than
convolutional coding
Interleaving
Distribute error over data transmitted
Rate Matching
Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading
Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing
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WCDMA System
Spreading
Spreading (OVSF code)
SF 4 512, depends on data rate
Scrambling (Gold Code)
Modulation
QPSK

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Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 2
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

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Power
Control
Open Loop Power Control
Set initial power for transmission of PRACH
Closed Loop Power Control
Inner Loop Power Control
Uplink
: Controls power of NodeB.
Downlink : Ensures all power received at NodeB are just enough to maintain satisfactory
connection
Fast Power Control : 1.5khz
Outer Loop Power Control
Set SIRthreshold based on BER/BLER

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Open Loop Power


Control
Controlled by UE.
Determine UE initial transmission power for random access procedure.
Not in use when inner loop power control running.
UE obtain information from network on:
CPICH power
Uplink interference level
Constant value (Default = 2dB)

UE Initial Power = CPICH power CPICH_RSCP + UL interference +


Constant
PRACH Tx power

System information :
CPICH power, UL interference & constant

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Inner Closed Loop Power


Control
Power Control Bit

Located in UE & NodeB


Controls power of dedicated physical channels

SIR threshold

Power controls occurs at 1500Hz, thus known as


fast power control

(SIR)measured

NodeB and UE continuously measure and


compare
SIRmeasured with SIRthreshold value, and inform each
other to increase /reduce its power accordingly.

UE3
NodeB

UE2

UE1

Without Power Control

UE4

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UE2
UE3
UE1
UE4

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Received power at NodeB

Received power at NodeB

With Optimum Power Control

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE4

Outer Closed Loop Power


Control
Adjust SIR for every user
Needed to keep track of changes in radio environment
Aims to provide required quality
If SIRthreshold reaches its maximum, system has to
perform
inter-frequency/inter-system handover
RRC connection release

RNC

SIR threshold

BER/BLER Value

Change in (SIR)threshold

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Handover
Softer handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the same BTS
- Radio link connection to new target cell is created before existing connection
being deleted.
Soft handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the different BTSs
Hard handover
- Condition of hard handover:
Intra-frequency handover, cells controlled by different RNCs and no Iur
interface between them
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover
Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption
does not effect the user communication

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Soft/Softer Handover
Selection

combination in the RNC during soft handoff

Maximum ratio combination in the NodeB during softer handoffs

Power received from a


single sector

Combine all the power


from each sector

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Transmission Diversity : STTD

B0 B1 B2 B3

B0 B1 B2 B3

Pa
th

Restoring data stream

Antenna 1

Transmission
diversity
processing

B0 B1 B2 B3

2
Path
B2 B3 B0 B1

Antenna 2

Space Time transmit Diversity (STTD)

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Transmission Diversity : TSTD


Pa
th

Data stream 1
Data stream

Restoring data stream

Antenna 1

Transmission
diversity
processing

2
Path

Data stream 2
Antenna 2

Time Switch transmit Diversity (TSTD)


Used in synchronization physical channel ( SCH)

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UMTS Radio Interface Physical Layer

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Contents
Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures
Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical
Channel

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UTRAN Protocol Structure


Core Network
Iu

Iu

RNS

RNS
Iur

RNC
Iub
Node B

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Cost
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RNC

Iub

Iub

Node B

Node B

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Iub
Node B

Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus increasing the
bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading
Factor SF .The operation is done through multiplication with OVSF code.
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.

Chips after
spreading

Data bit

OVSF
code

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Scrambling
code

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Services

Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the
spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

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SF = 2

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SF = 4

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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code GOLD sequence.
Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long
or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink
scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can
be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.

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Primary Scrambling Code


Primary
scrambling code 0
Secondary
scrambling code 1

Set 0
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels

Secondary
scrambling code
15

Set 1

Primary
scrambling code
51116

Set 511

8192
scrambling
codes

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Cost
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Secondary
scrambling code
51116 15

512 sets

Quality

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Services

Primary Scrambling Code Group


Primary
scrambling code 0
Primary
scrambling code 1

Group 0
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels

Primary
scrambling code 7

Group1

Primary
scrambling code
8*63

Group 63

Primary
scrambling code
63*8 7

512 primary
scrambling codes

In compliance with ISO9001

64 primary scrambling
code groups

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Each group consists of 8


primary scrambling codes

Services

Contents
Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures
Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical
Channel

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Contents
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Function
Section 2 Channel Mapping

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In compliance with ISO9001

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WCDMA Radio Interface


3GPP protocol defined WCDMA radio interface into three channels: Physical channel,
transport channel and logical channel.
Logical channel: Carrying user services. Divided into 2 types, based on services it carried:
Control channel and service channel.
Transport channel: Between radio interface layer 2 and physical layer. Services provided
by physical layer for MAC layer. Based on information transported, can be divided into
dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they are
transmitted on radio interfaces. Each channel that uses dedicated carrier frequency, code
(spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase can be regarded as a dedicated channel.

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Logical channel
Dedicated traffic channel

DTCH

Common traffic channel

CTCH

Traffic channel

Broadcast control channel


BCCH
Control channel

Paging control channel


PCCH
Dedicate control channel
DCCH
Common control channel

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(CCCH

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Transport channel

Dedicated Channel

(DCH)

Dedicated Channel (DCH) exists on uplink


or downlink channel.

Broadcast channel
Forward access channel
Paging channel
Random access channel

(BCH)
(FACH)
(PCH)
(RACH)

BCH, FACH & PCH are downlink channels.


Only RACH is common uplink channel

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Dedicated transport
channel

Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel: UL and DL

Physical Channel
Frequency,code,phase

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Downlink Physical Channel


Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

Downlink DPCH

Downlink
Physical
Channel

Downlink Common Physical Channel

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)


Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

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Functions of Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH

Data bearer
at physical layer

DPDCH
DCH data
DCH
data

DPCCH
Provide control data for DPDCH ,such
as demodulation, power control,etc.

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Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)


Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Carries pre-defined sequence.
Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256
Can use STTD on this channel

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Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)


Primary CPICH
Uses OVSF code -Cch, 256,0
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Only one CPICH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell
The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. By
default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Secondary CPICH
An arbitrary channel code of SF=256 is used for S-CPICH
S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code
There may be zero, one , or several secondary CPICH.
S-CPICH may be transmitted over part of the cell
S-CPICH may be a phase reference for S-CCPCH and downlink DPCH.

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Synchronization Channel (SCH)


SSC specifies the scrambling
code groups of the cell.
SSC is chosen from a set of 16
different codes of length 256,
there are altogether 64 primary
scrambling code groups.

Used for cell search


Two sub channels: P-SCH and
S-SCH.
SCH is transmitted at the first
256 chips of every time slot.
PSC is transmitted repeatedly in
each time slot.
Slot #0
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH

Slot #1

Slot #14

acp

acp

acp

acsi,0

acsi,1

acsi,14

256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame

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Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)


Fixed rate 30kbps SF=256, 1
Carry BCH transport channel
Not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time
slot.
Only data part
STTD transmit diversity may be used
256 chips
Data
18 bits

(Tx OFF)

Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i

Slot #14

1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

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Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)


Carry FACH and PCH.
Two types of SCCPCH:
with or without TFCI. UTRAN decides if a
TFCI should be transmitted, UE must
support TFCI.
Possible rates are the same as that of
downlink DPCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits

SF =256 - 4.
FACH and PCH can be mapped to
the same or separate SCCPCHs. If
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
can be mapped to the same frame.

Pilot
Npilot bits

Data
Ndata bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6)

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i

Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

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Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)


Fixed-rate (SF=256, 3), used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).
PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped to.
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with this
paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.

288 bits for paging indication


b0 b1

b287 b288

One radio frame (10 ms)

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12 bits (undefined)

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b299

Acquisition Indicator Channel


(AICH)
Frame structure of AICH two frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated sequence of 15
consecutive AS, each of length 20 symbols(5120 chips). Each time slot consists of two parts an
Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a part of duration 1024chips with no transmission.
Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature.
CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.

AI part
a0 a1 a2

AS #14

AS #0

Unused part
a30 a31 a32 a33

AS #1

AS #i

AS #14

20 ms

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a38 a39

Services

AS #0

Uplink Physical Channel


Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(Uplink DPCCH)

Uplink Common Physical Channel


Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

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Uplink
Physical
Channel

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)


The PRACH consist of 2 parts:
Preamble
one or several preamble.
Each preamble is of length 4096chips and consists of 256 repetitions of a signature whose
length is 16 chips. Total of 16 signatures
SF : 256
Message part :
Two type, 10 or 20ms message part
SF : 256 - 32
Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by higher layer

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PRACH Transmission Structure


Preamble

Preamble

Preamble

4096 chips

Preamble

10 ms (one radio frame)


Preamble

Preamble

4096 chips

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Message part

Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)

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Function of physical channel


Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary common pilot channel
S-CPICH-secondary common pilot channel
P-CCPCH-Primary common control physical channel
SCH- Synchronisation Channel
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary common control physical channel
PICH-paging Indicator Channel
Random access channels
PRACH-Physical random access channel
AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-dedicated physical data channel
DPCCH-dedicated physical control channel

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Contents
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Function
Section 2 Channel Mapping

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Channel Mapping
Higher
Layer data

Paging
Paging

System
System
Info
Info

Signaling
Signaling

Cell
Cell
Broadcast
Broadcast
Service
Service

Signaling
Signaling
and
and
User data
User data
DCCH

Logical
Channels

PCCH

(Data
Dependent)

BCCH

CCCH

CTCH

Decicated
Logical
Channel

DTCH
DTCH
DTCH

CipherOn

{XOR}

Transport
Channels
(L1 Characteristics
Dependent)

Physical
Channels

PCH

S-CCPCH

In compliance with ISO9001

Cost
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BCH

FACH

P-CCPCH

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RACH

DCH

PRACH

DPDCH

Services

Contents
Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures
Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical
Channel

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Contents
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedure
Section 1 Synchronisation Procedure ( Cell Search)
Section 2 Random Access Procedure

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1. Synchronization ProcedureCell Search


UE uses PSC to acquire slot
synchronization to a cell

Slot synchronization

UE uses SSC to find frame


synchronization and identify
the code group of the cell
found in the first step

Frame synchronization and


code-group identification

UE determines the primary scrambling


code through correlation over the
CPICH with all codes within the
identified group, and then detects the PCCPCH and reads BCH information

Scrambling-code
identification

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Contents
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedure
Section 1 Synchronisation Procedure ( Cell Search)
Section 2 Random Access Procedure

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Physical random access procedure

2. Random Access Procedure


RACH

UE decoded BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channel, its scrambling code and available
signature.
Randomly select one of the RACH sub-channels from the group its access class allows to use.
Signature also selected randomly from among the available signatures.
Set Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max
Set Preamble Initial Power
Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble
transmission power

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2. Random Access Procedure


RACH
If no Acquisition Indicator received for the corresponding signature in the downlink access
slot :
Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within the
given access service class (ASC)
Select a signature
Increase the Commanded Preamble Power
Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble Retransmission
Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random access
procedure.

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2. Random Access Procedure


RACH
If Negative Acquisition Indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink
access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access
procedure
If a Positive Acquisition Indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected, Transmit the
random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last
transmitted preamble
Exit physical random access procedure

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Chapter : Call Flow

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Chapter : Key Performance Indicator
Accessibility
Retainability
Integrity

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Accessibility

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Retainibility

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Cases for Handoff and Call Drop Analysis

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Cases for Call Drop Analysis

Uplink interference

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Chapter : Extra

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Thank You!!

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