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WCDMA Principles
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Manpower
Services
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
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Mobile Network
Evolution
1G
Analogue
2.5G
Packet Data
2G
Digital
WCDMA
EDGE
GSM
NMT
2.75G
Enhanced Data
GPRS
TDMA
384K
115K
TD-SCDMA
2M
TACS
PDC
AMPS
cdma2000
1X EV-DO
CDMA 1X
CDMA
2.4M
144K
1982-1996+
2M, 14M
1992-2002+
Cost
Effective
Quality
2001+
Training
Manpower
2004+
Services
2002-2004+
Network
Spectrum
3G Service Area
Uplink
Downlink
Mumbai
1959-1964 MHz
2149-2154 MHz
Delhi
1974-1979 MHz
2164-2169 MHz
Kolkata
1974-1979 MHz
2164-2169 MHz
Punjab
1964-1969 MHz
2154-2159 MHz
Rajasthan
1959-1964 MHz
2149-2154 MHz
Madhya Pradesh
1969-1974 MHz
2159-2164 MHz
West Bengal
1964-1969 MHz
2154-2159 MHz
Himachal Pradesh
1974-1979 MHz
2164-2169 MHz
Bihar
1969-1974 MHz
2159-2164 MHz
Orissa
1974-1979 MHz
2164-2169 MHz
Assam
1959-1964 MHz
2149-2154 MHz
North East
1974-1979 MHz
2164-2169 MHz
1969-1974 MHz
2159-2164 MHz
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Target of IMT2000
Global uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless coverage
High efficient spectrum utility
High quality of service, high security
Easy for evolution from 2G system
Providing multimedia service
Car speed environment: 144kbps
Walk speed environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2048kbps
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WCDMA FDD
WCDMA FDD
Multiple access method
DS-CDMA
Duplex Method
Frequency Division
Frequency Band
Asynchronous/Synchronous operation
Chip Rate
3.84Mcps
Frame Length
10ms
Service multiplexing
Power Control
Handover
Transmit Diversity
Voice Coding
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Manpower
Services
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
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WCDMA Network
Structure
CS domain
MSC/VLR
PSTN/other PLMN
GMSC
A
HLR/AUC
BTS
SCE
Gb
PCU
SS7
SMS
RNC
NodeB
SCP
Iu-CS
SGSN
GGSN
CG
UTRAN
Internet,
Intranet
PS backbone
Iu-PS
BG
PS domain
Other PLMN
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WCDMA Interfaces
MSC
MSC
SGSN
Iu-CS
A Interface
Iu-PS
Gb
BSC
BSS
SGSN
RNC
A-bis
UTRAN
Uu
Uu
UE
UE
UE
GSM
Cost
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NodeB
NodeB
Um
RNC
Iub
Iub
BTS
Iur
WCDMA
Quality
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Manpower
Services
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area
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Source
coding
Channel
coding
Spreading
Modulation
Radio channel
Channel
decoding
Source
decoding
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Despreading
Services
Demodulation
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WCDMA System
Source Coding
Voice : Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps
Channel Coding
CRC Attachment.
Check for error during transmission.
Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information
Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission
Convolutional or Turbo Coding
Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling
Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than
convolutional coding
Interleaving
Distribute error over data transmitted
Rate Matching
Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading
Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing
In compliance with ISO9001
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WCDMA System
Spreading
Spreading (OVSF code)
SF 4 512, depends on data rate
Scrambling (Gold Code)
Modulation
QPSK
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Section 1
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 2
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity
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Power
Control
Open Loop Power Control
Set initial power for transmission of PRACH
Closed Loop Power Control
Inner Loop Power Control
Uplink
: Controls power of NodeB.
Downlink : Ensures all power received at NodeB are just enough to maintain satisfactory
connection
Fast Power Control : 1.5khz
Outer Loop Power Control
Set SIRthreshold based on BER/BLER
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System information :
CPICH power, UL interference & constant
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SIR threshold
(SIR)measured
UE3
NodeB
UE2
UE1
UE4
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UE3
UE1
UE4
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UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
RNC
SIR threshold
BER/BLER Value
Change in (SIR)threshold
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Handover
Softer handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the same BTS
- Radio link connection to new target cell is created before existing connection
being deleted.
Soft handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the different BTSs
Hard handover
- Condition of hard handover:
Intra-frequency handover, cells controlled by different RNCs and no Iur
interface between them
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover
Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption
does not effect the user communication
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Soft/Softer Handover
Selection
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B0 B1 B2 B3
B0 B1 B2 B3
Pa
th
Antenna 1
Transmission
diversity
processing
B0 B1 B2 B3
2
Path
B2 B3 B0 B1
Antenna 2
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Data stream 1
Data stream
Antenna 1
Transmission
diversity
processing
2
Path
Data stream 2
Antenna 2
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Cost
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Contents
Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures
Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical
Channel
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Iu
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
Node B
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RNC
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
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Services
Iub
Node B
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus increasing the
bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading
Factor SF .The operation is done through multiplication with OVSF code.
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.
Chips after
spreading
Data bit
OVSF
code
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Scrambling
code
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Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the
spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
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SF = 4
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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code GOLD sequence.
Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long
or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink
scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can
be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
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Set 0
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Secondary
scrambling code
15
Set 1
Primary
scrambling code
51116
Set 511
8192
scrambling
codes
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Secondary
scrambling code
51116 15
512 sets
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Group 0
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Primary
scrambling code 7
Group1
Primary
scrambling code
8*63
Group 63
Primary
scrambling code
63*8 7
512 primary
scrambling codes
64 primary scrambling
code groups
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Contents
Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures
Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical
Channel
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Contents
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Function
Section 2 Channel Mapping
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Logical channel
Dedicated traffic channel
DTCH
CTCH
Traffic channel
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(CCCH
Training
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Transport channel
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
Broadcast channel
Forward access channel
Paging channel
Random access channel
(BCH)
(FACH)
(PCH)
(RACH)
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Dedicated transport
channel
Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel: UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency,code,phase
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Downlink DPCH
Downlink
Physical
Channel
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Data bearer
at physical layer
DPDCH
DCH data
DCH
data
DPCCH
Provide control data for DPDCH ,such
as demodulation, power control,etc.
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Slot #1
Slot #14
acp
acp
acp
acsi,0
acsi,1
acsi,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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(Tx OFF)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
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SF =256 - 4.
FACH and PCH can be mapped to
the same or separate SCCPCHs. If
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
can be mapped to the same frame.
Pilot
Npilot bits
Data
Ndata bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
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b287 b288
12 bits (undefined)
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b299
AI part
a0 a1 a2
AS #14
AS #0
Unused part
a30 a31 a32 a33
AS #1
AS #i
AS #14
20 ms
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a38 a39
Services
AS #0
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Uplink
Physical
Channel
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Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
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Contents
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Function
Section 2 Channel Mapping
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Channel Mapping
Higher
Layer data
Paging
Paging
System
System
Info
Info
Signaling
Signaling
Cell
Cell
Broadcast
Broadcast
Service
Service
Signaling
Signaling
and
and
User data
User data
DCCH
Logical
Channels
PCCH
(Data
Dependent)
BCCH
CCCH
CTCH
Decicated
Logical
Channel
DTCH
DTCH
DTCH
CipherOn
{XOR}
Transport
Channels
(L1 Characteristics
Dependent)
Physical
Channels
PCH
S-CCPCH
Cost
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BCH
FACH
P-CCPCH
Quality
Training
Manpower
RACH
DCH
PRACH
DPDCH
Services
Contents
Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures
Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical
Channel
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Contents
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedure
Section 1 Synchronisation Procedure ( Cell Search)
Section 2 Random Access Procedure
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Slot synchronization
Scrambling-code
identification
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Contents
Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedure
Section 1 Synchronisation Procedure ( Cell Search)
Section 2 Random Access Procedure
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UE decoded BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channel, its scrambling code and available
signature.
Randomly select one of the RACH sub-channels from the group its access class allows to use.
Signature also selected randomly from among the available signatures.
Set Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max
Set Preamble Initial Power
Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble
transmission power
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Contents
Chapter : Key Performance Indicator
Accessibility
Retainability
Integrity
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Accessibility
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Retainibility
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Uplink interference
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Chapter : Extra
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Thank You!!
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