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Ribosomes:
Consists of RNA and protein and they are abundant in cytoplasm and often
grouped in long chains called polyribosomes.
The relative sizes of ribosomes and their subunits can determined their
sedimentation rate by centrifugation or subject to a centrifugal force.
Bacterial ribosomes have sedimentation rate of 70S; their subunits have rates of
30S and 50S. Streptomycin binds 70S ribosome and stops protein synthesis but it
can not bind 80S ribosome of eukaryotes and thereby eukaryotic cell remains
unaffected.
The unit used to measure sedimentation velocity is Svedberg, larger the S value
faster will be the sedimentation velocity. Sedimentation velocity depends upon both
shape and size and hence it is not a measure of mass.
Plasmids
Plasmids, are small, extrachromosomal genetic structures carried by many strains
of bacteria. Like the chromosome, plasmids are made of a circular piece of DNA.
Plasmids have been shown to be instrumental in the transmission of special
properties, such as antibiotic drug resistance, resistance to heavy metals, and
virulence factors necessary for infection of animal or plant hosts.
Flagella - Flagella (singular, flagellum) are hairlike structures that provide a mean of
locomotion for those bacteria who have them.
The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion to help the bacterium move toward
nutrients; away from toxic chemicals; or, in the case of the photosynthetic
cyanobacteria; toward the light. The species of bacteria, which are motile, move due to
presence of flagella.
Genetically determined as to number and location, a species with one flagellum is
called monotrichous; with two (one on each end), amphitrichous or bipolar; with a
tuft at one end called lophotrichous; and with many flagella, peritrichous.
Prokaryotes are known to exhibit a variety of types of tactic behavior, i.e., the ability
to move (swim) in response to environmental stimuli.
chemotaxis- a bacterium can sense the quality and quantity of certain chemicals in
their environment and swim towards them (if they are useful nutrients) or away from
them (if they are harmful substances).
Positive or negative chemotaxis, phototaxis, or even magnetotaxis can determine
the direction of movement which alternates between swimming and tumbling motion.
Pili or fimbriae
(singular, pilus), small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell
surface.
These outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces,
such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.
Without pili, many disease-causing bacteria lose their ability to infect because
they're unable to attach to host tissue. Gonorrhea is one of the widest spread
of the reportable diseases due to attachment fimbriae.
There are some pili with a different function: they are only found on cells
which can undergo a process known as conjugation, a means of genetic
transfer among bacteria. Such pili are call sex or F pili.
endopeptidase
D-Ala
DD-carboxypeptidase
Hltje 1998
Lane 1 marker
Lane 2 O-antigen positive E. coli strain
Lane 3 O-antigen negative E. coli strain
60-90% peptidoglycan and removal of cell wall makes protoplast which bursts
easily by osmotic shock.
Retention of crystal violet is directly proportional to cell wall thickness.
Due to lack of periplasmic space the digestive enzymes and toxin are not retained
and they are released into the environment.
Only 10-20% of the cell wall is peptidoglycan remainder consists of various proteins,
lipids and polysaccharides.
Toxins and digestives enzymes are retained in periplasmic space for action,
but these enzymes or toxins do not harm the organism that produced them.
After digestion of cell wall they form spheroplast (containing CM, OM)
Mycobacteria
Cell wall is thick, contains 60% lipids and very less peptidoglycan.
The lipids make acid-fast organisms impermeable to most other strains and protect
them from acids and alkalis.
The organism grow slowly because the lipids impede entry of nutrients into cell and
cells spend large amount of energy to synthesize lipids.
They can be stained by Gram staining method and stained as Gram positive.
Inclusion bodies:
Bacteria can have within their cytoplasm a variety of small bodies collectively
referred to as inclusion bodies. Some are called granules and other are called
vesicles.
Granules: Densely compacted substances without a membrane covering. Each
granule contains specific substances, such as glycogen (glucose polymer) and
polyphosphate (phosphate polymer, supplies energy to metabolic processes).
Sulfur bacteria contains reserve granules of sulfur.
Polyphosphate granules are called volutin or metachromic granules, because
they display metachromasia (metachromic granules exhibit different intensities of
color). These granules are depleted in starvation.
Vesicles: Certain bacteria have specialized membrane enclosed structures
called vesicles (or vacuoles). Some aquatic photosynthetic bacteria and
cyanobacteria have rigid gas-filled vacuoles and it helps in floating at a certain
level.
Some magnetotactic bacterium, eg. Aquaspirillium
magnetotacticum, stores Magnetitite (Ferric oxide).
The presence of such magnetic inclusions enables
these bacteria to responds to magnetic fields.
Flagella:
Polar monotrichous
Pseudomonas
Polar amphitrichous
Spirillium
Lophotrichous
Spirillum
Peritrichous
Salmonella
SEM of peritrichous strain Proteous
Note: bacteria without flagella are called atrichous.
In Gram-negative Bacteria
In Gram-positive Bacteria
BACTERIAL MOVEMENT
Bacterial movement is produced through the action of the flagella .
Bacteria move toward attractive stimuli and away from harmful
substances and waste products in the process known as chemotaxis.
Monotrichous bacteria move forward in a simple response to chemotactic
stimuli by the counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum. This forward
movement is termed the "run".
Negative chemotaxis causes clockwise rotation of the flagellum and
results in a random tumbling motion.
Peritrichous bacteria move in a similar fashion, even though the situation
is somewhat complicated by a requirement for bundling of the flagella to
produce coordinated action during counterclockwise rotation. The
"tumble" in peritrichous bacteria is the result of bundle disruption during
clockwise flagellar rotation.
Both run and tumble are generally random movement; no one direction of
movement is more likely than any other direction.
Pilli or fimbrae