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Kebumian
(MGD 421)
GDG 10
Program Studi Teknik Geologi
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
2011
Materi GDG
10
Pendahuluan
PENGERTIAN GEOLOGI, Proses, Hukum
BUMI SEBAGAI PLANET
LITHOSFERA - MINERAL
BATUAN :
BT, BEKU
BT SEDIMEN
BT, METAMORP
STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
P E TA
TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN
Offshore Seismic
Land Seismic
EvidencefromSeismicWaves
Earths Internal Structure
The Crust
The Mantle
The Core
SeismicReflection
Controlled by:
1)
2)
Vp
Snells Law
Elastic properties
of the layers
3 V
s
where
K bulkorcompressibilitymodulus
rigidityorshearmodulus
density
SeismicRefraction
Ray paths are
bent across
velocity or seismic
discontinuities.
Bend away from
boundary normal
if V2 > V1
Bend toward
boundary normal
if V1 > V2
V1
V2
V1
V2
sini1 AC / BC AC V1
sini1 V1
sini2 BD / BC BD V2
sini2 V2
V2 sini1 V1 sini2
LocatingBoundariesByRefraction
RadialDistributionofRayPaths
Rays curve
upward because
of generally
increasing
velocity
with depth
Vp and Vs
InternalEarthStructurefromSeismology
Crust: 0-60 km
Mantle: 60-2900 km
Core: 2900-6370 km
SeismicMohoandLVZ
SummaryCrustalProperties
MantleTomography
Blue = Fast (cold)
Red = Slow (hot)
DeepEarthVelocityStructure
PwaveShadowZone
SwaveShadowZone
Olivine
Fe-Ni
Metal Alloy
Non-seismological
evidence of
core - mantle
exchange!
From: Garnero, E.J., Ann. Rev. Earth Planetary Sci., 28 , 509-37, 2000.
IsostasyandGravity
Isostasy is the gravitational equilibrium
Isostasy
Low density
High density
IsostaticReadjustment:Erosion
PostglacialCrustalRebound
QuickTime and a
GIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
From: http://www.uni-geophys.gwdg.de/~gkaufman/work/onset/onset_ice3g.htm
IsostaticUpliftduetoCrustalThickening
GravitationalAttraction
GravityMetersResponsetoDensityVariations
gravity
high
gravity
low
High density
Low density
Local gravity high can be related to a high density body within the crust,
while a gravity low can be related to a lower than average density.
GravityProfileinIsostaticEquilibrium
NonisostaticallyCompensatedProfile
NegativeGravityAnomaly
Chapter 8
Time and
Geology
Image source: www.mnsu.edu/emuseum
Absolute or Numerical
Age
Isotopic Dating
Uses of Isotopic Dating
Radioactive Decay
Mechanisms
Operates when Z 58
222
n0 = p+ + e40
e- + p+ = n0
125
(half-life 48 Ga)
147Sm-143Nd (half-life 106 Ga)
238U-206Pb (half-life 4.5 Ga)
235U-207Pb (half-life 0.7 Ga)
232Th-208Pb (half-life 14 Ga)
87Rb-87Sr
Rb
87
Sr
87
Extinct radionuclides
Extinct radionuclides have half-
Instruments and
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/images/clean_lab_c.jpg
From: http://www.es.ucsc.edu/images/vgms_c.jpg
Exponential decay:
Never get to zero!
Linear decay:
Eventually get to zero!
Pt = Po exp - (to t)
1st order rate law
Where
Pt quantityoftheparentisotope(i.e.87Rb)attimet;
Po quantityoftheparentisotopeatsomeearliertimeto,whenthe
isotopicsystemwasclosedtoanyadditionalisotopicexchange;
isthecharacteristicdecayconstantforthesystemofinterest,which
isrelatedtothehalflife,t1/2,bytheequationbelow:
ln2/t1/2
t1/2 isdefinedasthehalflife,whichistheamountoftimerequiredfor1/2ofthe
originalparenttodecayandisaconstant.
87
Rbt=87Rboetot)
(Assumethatt=0,forthepresent)
87
Rbo+87Sro=87Rbt+87Srt
(ConservationofMass,with87Sroastheinitial
concentrationand87Srtastheconcentrationtoday)
87
87
to
87
87Sr
87Sr
86 86
Sr t Sr o
Rb t
(e 1)
86
Sr t
87
y b xm
M1
M2
M3
Basic Geochronological
Assumptions
Decay constants remain constant through
geological time.
nuclear physics.
Measurements of decay sequences in ancient
supernovae yield the same values as modern lab
measurements.
Comprehending Geological
Time
Bentuk SIG
Komponen SIG
LOGAM
TAMBANG
GEOLOGI
MIGAS
NON LOGAM
NON MIGAS
GEOTHERMAL
NON
TAMBANG
VOLKANOLOGI
LINGKUNGAN
GEODINAMIS
TEKNIK SIPIL
DLL
Eksplorasi
Peta Topografi
Peralatan survai
well logging
Pengolahan
dan Interpretasi
Data di
Laboratorium
XY
XYZ
KEGIATAN PENGEBORAN
SUMUR EKSPLORASI
Bagaimana di masa
depan??
i
!!
a d kita
d
A
gan
n
a
t
??
?