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Teknologi

Kebumian
(MGD 421)
GDG 10
Program Studi Teknik Geologi
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
2011

Materi GDG

10

Pendahuluan
PENGERTIAN GEOLOGI, Proses, Hukum
BUMI SEBAGAI PLANET
LITHOSFERA - MINERAL

BATUAN :

BT, BEKU
BT SEDIMEN
BT, METAMORP

STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
P E TA

TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN

Offshore Seismic

Land Seismic

EvidencefromSeismicWaves
Earths Internal Structure
The Crust
The Mantle
The Core

SeismicReflection
Controlled by:
1)
2)

Vp

Snells Law
Elastic properties
of the layers

3 V
s

where
K bulkorcompressibilitymodulus
rigidityorshearmodulus

density

SeismicRefraction
Ray paths are
bent across
velocity or seismic
discontinuities.
Bend away from
boundary normal
if V2 > V1
Bend toward
boundary normal
if V1 > V2

V1
V2

V1

V2

sini1 AC / BC AC V1
sini1 V1

sini2 BD / BC BD V2
sini2 V2
V2 sini1 V1 sini2

In this example, V2 > V1

Modified from: Brown & Mussett, 1981

LocatingBoundariesByRefraction

RadialDistributionofRayPaths
Rays curve
upward because
of generally
increasing
velocity
with depth

Vp and Vs

InternalEarthStructurefromSeismology

Crust: 0-60 km
Mantle: 60-2900 km
Core: 2900-6370 km

SeismicMohoandLVZ

SummaryCrustalProperties

MantleTomography
Blue = Fast (cold)
Red = Slow (hot)

DeepEarthVelocityStructure

NB that velocity is measured from earthquake waves, but density must


Be inferred from inversion of the velocity combined with elastic modulii

PwaveShadowZone

SwaveShadowZone

Olivine

Fe-Ni
Metal Alloy

Non-seismological
evidence of
core - mantle
exchange!

Pallisite meteorites are classified as stoney-irons and are thought


to be derived from the CMB region of an asteroidal parent body.

From: Garnero, E.J., Ann. Rev. Earth Planetary Sci., 28 , 509-37, 2000.

IsostasyandGravity
Isostasy is the gravitational equilibrium

of bodies of different density.


Isostatically compensated uplift zones
are stabilized by low density roots.
Isostatic re-adjustment can be caused
by many different processes.

Isostasy

Low density
High density

Compensation depth is arbitrary and selected for convenience.


Total column mass (or gravitational acceleration) must be equal.

IsostaticReadjustment:Erosion

PostglacialCrustalRebound

QuickTime and a
GIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

From: http://www.uni-geophys.gwdg.de/~gkaufman/work/onset/onset_ice3g.htm

IsostaticUpliftduetoCrustalThickening

NB that uplift would depend on the amount and density of


accumulated magma accreted to the base of the crust.

GravitationalAttraction

GravityMetersResponsetoDensityVariations
gravity
high

gravity
low

High density

Low density

Local gravity high can be related to a high density body within the crust,
while a gravity low can be related to a lower than average density.

GravityProfileinIsostaticEquilibrium

NonisostaticallyCompensatedProfile

NegativeGravityAnomaly

Sir Charles Lyell

Chapter 8
Time and
Geology
Image source: www.mnsu.edu/emuseum

Simple Geologic Time


Scale

Absolute or Numerical
Age
Isotopic Dating
Uses of Isotopic Dating

Combining Relative and


Absolute Ages
The Age of the Earth
Comprehending Geologic Time

Radioactive Decay
Mechanisms

Operates when Z 58
222

Rn86 -> 218Po84 + (5.5 MeV) +

n0 = p+ + e40

K19 -> 40Ca20 + (1.3 MeV) +

e- + p+ = n0
125

I53 -> 125Te52 + (~3 KeV)

Radioactive decay and radiogenic


Radiogenic isotope ratios are
Isotopes
functions of both time and
parent/daughter ratios. They can
help infer the chemical evolution of
the Earth.
Radioactive decay schemes

(half-life 48 Ga)
147Sm-143Nd (half-life 106 Ga)
238U-206Pb (half-life 4.5 Ga)
235U-207Pb (half-life 0.7 Ga)
232Th-208Pb (half-life 14 Ga)

87Rb-87Sr

Rb

87

Sr

87

Extinct radionuclides
Extinct radionuclides have half-

lives too short to survive 4.55


Ga, but were present in the early
solar system.

Uranium 238 Decay


Scheme

Instruments and

Mass Spectrometry: measure different


Techniques

abundances of specific nuclides based on


atomic mass.
Basic technique requires ionization of the atomic

species of interest and acceleration through a strong


magnetic field to cause separation between closely
similar masses
(e.g. 87Sr and 86Sr). Count
individual particles using electronic detectors.
TIMS: thermal ionization mass spectrometry
SIMS: secondary ionization mass spectrometry bombard target with heavy ions or use a laser

Sample Preparation: TIMS requires doing

chemical separation using chromatographic


columns.

http://www.es.ucsc.edu/images/clean_lab_c.jpg

From: http://www.es.ucsc.edu/images/vgms_c.jpg

Half-life and exponential


decay

Exponential decay:
Never get to zero!

Linear decay:
Eventually get to zero!

Pt = Po exp - (to t)
1st order rate law
Where

Pt quantityoftheparentisotope(i.e.87Rb)attimet;
Po quantityoftheparentisotopeatsomeearliertimeto,whenthe
isotopicsystemwasclosedtoanyadditionalisotopicexchange;
isthecharacteristicdecayconstantforthesystemofinterest,which
isrelatedtothehalflife,t1/2,bytheequationbelow:
ln2/t1/2

t1/2 isdefinedasthehalflife,whichistheamountoftimerequiredfor1/2ofthe
originalparenttodecayandisaconstant.

87

Rbt=87Rboetot)
(Assumethatt=0,forthepresent)
87

Rbo+87Sro=87Rbt+87Srt

(ConservationofMass,with87Sroastheinitial
concentrationand87Srtastheconcentrationtoday)
87

87

to

87

Srt Sro= Rbt(e 1)

87Sr
87Sr

86 86
Sr t Sr o

Rb t
(e 1)
86
Sr t

87

y b xm

M1

M2

M3

Basic Geochronological
Assumptions
Decay constants remain constant through

geological time.

Good reasons to believe this is correct based on

nuclear physics.
Measurements of decay sequences in ancient
supernovae yield the same values as modern lab
measurements.

System remains closed to addition or

subtraction of parent or daughter

Depends on the isotopic system and type of rock

(mineral) being measured.


Careful sample preparation and thorough
characterization of the materials is essential to
correct interpretation of results.

Half-lives for common


parents

Independent Checks on Radiometric


Ages

Correlation of erosion with age on

Hawaiian Island Chain: Dates increase in


age to the NW as does erosion.
Annual growth bands in Devonian
corals: 400/yr yields date that is similar to
radiometric date. Consistent with slowing
of Earth rotation with time.
Independent determination of Pacific
plate motion yields age progression that
is consistent with K/Ar dates of the islands.
Agreement between magnetic age
from deep marine sediments and
radiometric ages of tuffs in East African Rift

Relative and Absolute dates


combined

Modern Geological Time


Scale

The Age of the Earth


Early Methods: Long debated among intellectuals
1625 Archbishop James Usher determined the Earth

was created 4004 B.C. by counting generations in the


Bible. Young Earth was commonly accepted by western
countries.
Hindus regarded the Earth as very old. 2000 A.D.
would be 1.97 million years according to their calendar.
1866 Lord Kelvin calculated the age of the earth based
on physical principles. Assumed that the Earth was
entirely molten and had to cool to become a solid.
Estimated the age between 20-40 million years old.
Unknown sources of heat - radioactive decay
Assumed that all heat was dissipated by conduction
Early Isotopic Methods:
1905 First crude estimates yielded 2 billion year age
Meteorites gave dates of 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old
Modern U-Pb methods yield a consensus value of 4.55
By old

Comprehending Geological
Time

SIG atau Geographic


Information System (GIS) :
menyimpan, dan menganalisis
objek dan fenomena geografis
merupakan karakteristik yang
penting dianalisis

Bentuk SIG

Komponen SIG

PENGELOLAAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM DARI BIDANG GEOLOGI,


PERTAMBANGAN DAN MIGAS

LOGAM
TAMBANG
GEOLOGI

MIGAS
NON LOGAM
NON MIGAS

GEOTHERMAL

NON
TAMBANG

VOLKANOLOGI
LINGKUNGAN
GEODINAMIS
TEKNIK SIPIL
DLL

Eksplorasi

Peta Topografi

Geologi Permukaan Tanah

Geologi Bawah Permukaan Tanah

Foto Udara / Foto Satelit

Peralatan survai
well logging

Kegiatan survai lapangan,


Pengambilan data Geofisika dan Geokimia

Kegiatan Survei Geofisika


(seismik) dalam eksplorasi
Migas

Kegiatan Pengolahan dan Interpretasi Data


Geologi (di Laboratorium)
X

Pengolahan
dan Interpretasi
Data di
Laboratorium
XY

XYZ

Tampilan hasil interpretasi


(korelasi dan peta-peta

KEGIATAN PENGEBORAN
SUMUR EKSPLORASI

Peralatan survai well logging

Ahli Geologi meneliti sampel


batuan dari inti pemboran (core)

PENGEBORAN DI DARAT dan DI LEPAS PANTAI

Energi Alternatif Ramah


Lingkungan Geothermal

GALIAN TAMBANG TEMBAGA FREEPORT

Bagaimana di masa
depan??
i
!!
a d kita
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A
gan
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a
t

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Pustaka dan Acuan :


- Prodi Teknik Geologi FTKE Usakti
- Museum Geologi
- Pusat Survei Geologi
- Pusat Lingkungan Geologi
- Berbagai Situs Internet

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