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Principles of
Interpretation
Richard M. Davidson, Ph.D.
Common reactions to
typology
1. Oh no! -- Skepticism
2. Give me more! Enthusiasm
3. Whats that? -- Uncertainty
Importance of biblical
typology
Leonard Goppelt: typology is the central
and distinctive NT way of understanding
the Gospel. . .it is the decisive interpretation
of Jesus, the Gospel, and the Church. . . .
According to its NT core typology is
theologically constitutive for an
understanding of the Gospel. (TDNT
8:255).
Importance of biblical
typology
Robert M. Grant (church historian): the
New Testament method of interpreting the
OT is generally that of typology.
E. Earle Ellis: typological interpretation
expresses most clearly the basic attitude of
primitive Christianity toward the OT.
Nature of biblical
typology
Mark W. Karlberg: resolution of lingering
differences of interpretation among
evangelicals depends, to a large extent, on a
proper assessment of the nature and
function of Old Testament typology.
Nature of biblical
typology
Traditional Understanding: Typology is
the study of persons, events, or institutions
which God has divinely designed to
prefigure (point forward to) the
eschatological (end time) fulfillment in
Christ or the Gospel realities brought about
by Christ.
Nature of biblical
typology
Post-critical Understanding: Typology is
the retrospective recognition of parallel
situations between OT and NT, based upon
common human way of analogical thinking
or the consistent activity of God in history,
with little or no predictive element
E.g.: Napoleons Battle of Waterloo
Nature of biblical
typology
How does one determine which view is
correct?
Without imposing ones definition upon the
Biblical text
Allowing the definition to emerge from the text
Personal experience
Nature of biblical
typology
Key term: typos = English term type
Typos appears 20 times in the NT
Typos used in five NT passages where the
NT writer is interpreting the OT, and labels
his interpretation as typos (or antitypos)
Here we can be sure typology exists,
because the NT writer identifies it as such
Nature of biblical
typology
5 passages about typos!
1. Romans 5:14
Typos The typos of Christ was Adam.
Nature of biblical
typology
5 passages about typos!
2. 1 Cor. 10:6, 11
Typoi Exodus events are types of the
church.
Nature of biblical
typology
5 passages about typos!
3. 1 Pet. 3:21
Antitypos antitype (anti in Greek can
also mean corresponding to Therefore
it is corresponding to the type.)
Baptism is corresponding to the flood.
Nature of biblical
typology
5 passages about typos!
4. Heb. 8:5
Typos referring to the earthly/heavenly
sanctuary relationship.
Nature of biblical
typology
5 passages about typos!
5. Heb. 9:24
Antitypos - referring to the earthly/heavenly
sanctuary relationship.
The antitype is the fulfillment of the type.
Characteristics of Biblical
Typology
1. Historical element
Historical realities: persons (Adam), events
(Flood, Exodus), institutions (sanctuary)
Historical correspondence of basic contours
between type and antitype
Intensification between type and antitype
Characteristics of Biblical
Typology
2. Prophetic Element
Advance presentation or prefiguration
Divine design
Must-needs-be aspect (Greek dei and anagk)
Characteristics of Biblical
Typology
3. Christological/soteriological element
Not just bare historical realities, but salvific
realities
Fulfilled in Christ or salvation realities brought
about by Christ
Christ is the ultimate orientation point of types
and their antitypical fulfillment
Characteristics of Biblical
Typology
4. Ecclesiological element
Individual worshipers
Corporate community
Sacraments (Lords Supper or Baptism)
Characteristics of Biblical
Typology
5. Eschatological element
Inaugurated (Christs First Advent)
Appropriated (era of the Church)
Consummated (not yet--Apocalyptic end
time)
Definition of Biblical
Typology
Typology is the study of salvation historical
realities (persons, events, or institutions)
which God has divinely designed to
prefigure (point forward to) the
eschatological (end product) fulfillment
in Christ or the Gospel realities brought
about by Christ.
Basic Contours of
Sanctuary typology
The three-phase NT
fulfillment of the OT types
The basic ground-plan of NT eschatology :
2) The Second Advent is the not yet, the
consummated eschatology, the end (1 Pet
4:7; 1 Cor 15:24)
This is V-E Day.
The three-phase NT
fulfillment of the OT types
The basic groundwork of NT eschatology :
3) The time of tension between the
already and the not yet. It is the time of
appropriated eschatology in which we
appropriate to ourselves what He has worked
out by Him.
This is the time of the church, where we live
today.
The three-phase NT
fulfillment of the OT types
Sanctuary Typology:
The three-phase NT
fulfillment of the OT types
The three-phase NT
fulfillment of the OT types
Some non-SDA Christians understand
appropriated sanctuary typology but almost
all fail to take the third stepconsummated
sanctuary typology.
. In Heaven there is a real heavenly
sanctuary, which overarches all sanctuary
typology. Sanctuary typology has a vertical
dimension that has been there all along.
The three-phase NT
fulfillment of the OT types
At the end of time, there will be the
apocalyptic fulfillment of the sanctuary
typology.
The tension between earth and heaven,
between the already and the not yet,
will be resolved.
We will enter Gods temple forever!
The three-phase NT
fulfillment of the OT types
The modality of these phases of NT
fulfillment, based on the presence of Jesus:
Inaugurated: literal and local
Appropriated: spiritual and universal
Consummated: glorious, final, universal,
literal
Conclusion