MAGNETIC LEVITATION

Presentation Outline

1. Introduction
2. Magnetic levitation
3. Levitation principle
4. Lateral guidance
5. Maglev track
6. EDS-EMS
7. Linear electric motor
8. LIM in levitation
9. Characteristics of LIM
10.Benefits
11.Current projects
12.conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Maglev, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation

that suspends, guides and propels vehicles, predominantly
trains, using magnetic levitation.

Trends in increased mobility of large masses with changing

lifestyle for more comfort are leading to congestion on roads
with automobiles.

Besides, increasing pollution levels from automobiles, depleting

fuel resources, critical dependence on the fuel import .

The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 581kilometers

per hour (361mph), achieved in Japan.

Development of magnetic levitated transport systems is under

progress in developed countries.

MAGNETIC LEVITATION
The need for fast and
reliable transportation is increasing
throughout the world. High-speed
rail has been the solution for many
countries. Trains are fast,
comfortable, and energy-efficient.
Maglev research and
development began in Germany and
Japan during the early 1970's. After
laboratory tests in both countries, a
test track was constructed in Japan
during the mid-1970's and in
Germany during the mid-1980's

Maglev tech is a relatively new

transportation tech in which non
contacting vehicles travel safely at
speeds of 250 to 300mph or higher.

The forces acting on an object in any

combination of gravitational,
electrostatic, and magneto static fields
will make the object's position
unstable.

It is possible to levitate
superconductors and other
diamagnetic materials, which
magnetize in the opposite sense to a
magnetic field in which they are
placed.

As Superconductors are perfect

diamagnets and when placed in an
external magnetic field expel the field
lines from their interiors

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Imagine that two bar
magnets are suspended
one above the other
with like poles directly
above and below each
other. Any effort to bring
these two magnets into
contact with each other
will have to overcome
the force of repulsion
that exists between two
like magnetic poles.

The repulsion of superconducting magnets and

electromagnets in the track keeps a maglev train
suspended above the track. By varying the strength and
polarity of the track electromagnets, the train can be
driven forward.

Lateral Guidance
When one side of the
train nears the side of the
guide way, the super
conducting magnet on
the train induces a
repulsive force from the
levitation coils on the side
closer to the train and an
attractive force from the
coils on the farther side.
This keeps the train in the
center.

MAGLEV GUIDE
TRACK The magnetized coil
running along the track, called
aguideway, repels the large
magnets on the train's
undercarriage, allowing the train
tolevitatebetween 0.39 and
3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm) above
the guideway.
power is supplied to the
coils within the guideway walls to
create a unique system of
magnetic fields that pull and
push the train along the
guideway.

LEVITATION
Levitation is the
process by which an
object is suspended
against gravity in a
stable position.
First thing a
maglev system must do
is get off the ground, and
then stay suspended off
the ground.

Electromagnetic Suspension

 In

the EMS-attractive
system, the
electromagnets which do
the work of levitation are
attached on the top side
of a casing that extends
below and then curves
back up to the rail that is
in the center of the track.
The gap between the
bottom of the vehicle
and the rail is only 3/8"

Electrodynamic Suspension
In

the EDS-repulsive system, the

superconducting magnets
(SCMs), which do the levitating
of the vehicle, are at the bottom
of the vehicle, but above the
track.
The magnetic field of the
superconducting magnets aboard
the maglev vehicle induces an
eddy current in the guideway.

Choice of linear induction

motor

linear electric motor (LEM) is

a mechanism which converts
electrical energy directly into
linear motion without
employing any intervening
rotary components.
Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is
basically a rotating squirrel
cage induction motor opened
out flat. Instead of producing
rotary torque from a cylindrical
machine it produces linear
force from a flat one.

Linear Synchronous Motor

LSM

generate
propulsive force by
running current
through a stator,
which creates an
electro-magnetic
field.
This electromagnetic field
interacts with a set
of permanent
magnets on a
vehicle to create
thrust.

 The

permanent magnets serve as the motor

secondary, equivalent to a rotor in
conventional motors enabling linear motion.

The vehicle is propelled by the moving electromagnetic field, traveling along as electric
current is applied to the stator beneath the
vehicle.

The vehicles movement is regulated by a

sophisticated control system incorporating
state-of-the-art position sensing technology.

Synchronous vs Induction
motors
Far

more effort has been put into research

and development of linear induction motors
(LIM's) than LSM's.
LIM's do indeed have two distinct
advantages. First of all, they are simpler and
less costly to construct.
The stationary element of the motor
consists of nothing more than a rail or plate
of a conducting material, such as aluminum.
By contrast, LSM's require the installation of
alternating north and south magnetic poles
on both moving and stationary elements.

Linear induction motor (LIM)

in magnetic levitation
The

High Speed Surface

Transport (HSST) system
is propelled by linear
induction motor.

The HSST levitation

system uses ordinary

electromagnets that
exerts an attractive force
and levitate the vehicle.

 The
electromagnets
are attached to
the car, but are
positioned facing
the under side of
the guide way's
steel rails. They
provide an
attractive force
from
brlow,levitating
the car.

Characteristics of LIM
In

most vehicular propulsion

systems, provision must be
made for increasing the power
when the demand increases.
Whenever more power is
needed, the moving magnet
begins to lag further behind the
stationary one; this results in an
immediate increase in thrust.
No separate control is needed

Benefits of Magnetic Levitated

Transportation system

Power of the maglev motor is dependent on the local

conditions.
Maglev uses 30% less energy than a high-speed train
traveling at the same speed.
Operating costs of a maglev system are approximately
half that of conventional long-distance railroads.
Maglev is about 20 times safer than airplanes, 250 times
safer than conventional railroads, and 700 times safer
than automobile travel.
Despite the speeds up to 500 km/hour, passengers can
move about freely in the vehicles
Materials used to construct maglev vehicles are noncombustible, poor transmitters of heat, and able to
withstand fire penetration.
Carries no fuel to increase fire hazard

Noise Pollution
The train makes little
noise because it does not
touch the track and it has
no motor. Therefore, all
noise comes from moving
air. This sound is
equivalent to the noise
produced by city traffic.

Magnetic Field
The magnetic field
created is low,
therefore there are no
adverse effects.

CURRENT PROJECTS
Germany and Japan have been the pioneering
countries in MagLev research. Currently operational
systems include Transrapid (Germany) and High
Speed Surface Transport (Japan). There are several
other projects under scrutiny such as the SwissMetro,
Seraphim and Inductrack. All have to do with personal
rapid transit.

NASA plans to use magnetic levitation for

launching of space vehicles into low earth
orbit.Boeing is pursuing research in MagLev to
provide a Hypersonic Ground Test Facility for the Air
Force. The mining industry will also benefit from
MagLev. There are probably many more
undiscovered applications!

CONCLUSION
The Maglev Train: Research on this
dream train has been going on for the
last 30 odd years in various parts of the
world. The chief advantages of this type
of train are: Non-contact and non-wearing
propulsion, independent of friction, no
mechanical components like wheel, axle.
Maintenance costs decrease. Low noise
emission and vibrations at all speeds.

Thank You