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Definition
Condensation occurs when the temperature of vapor is reduced
below its saturation temperature.
Presence of even a small amount of Non-condensable gas (e.g.
air, N2, H2, He, etc.) in the condensing vapor leads to a
significant reduction in heat transfer during condensation.
The buildup of non-condensable gases near the condensate
film inhibits the diffusion of vapor from the bulk mixture to the
liquid film.
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The geometries of interest are tubes, plates, annulus, etc. and the flow
orientation (horizontal, vertical) can be different for various applications.
The condensation heat transfer is affected by parameters such as
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Scenario
During a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) or a main-steam-linebreak (MSLB) accident, or any other accident that causes a
coolant release into the containment.
A large amount of steam is released into the containment which
mixes with the noncondensable gases.
There are cooling surfaces provided for condensing the steam
from steam/non-condensable gas mixture.
During condensation process, the steam condenses on the
surfaces, while the non-condensable gases are accumulated
on the film condensate layer creating an additional thermal
resistance resulting in a degradation of the heat transfer to the
wall.
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Scenario
In the design and operation of a steam turbine the exit
temperature of the process fluid is kept as low as possible
so that a maximum change in enthalpy occurs during the
conversion of heat into work. The presence of small
proportion of air in the vapor can reduce heat transfer
performance in a marked manner which increases the
condenser pressure.
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Hardware
PCCS with isolation Condenser
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Hardware
PCCS with steel containment vessel
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Hardware
PCCS with Building Condenser
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Hardware
GD W P
Passive
external
condenser
Secondary Containment
Primary Containment
Steamnoncondensable gas
Condensate
Turbin
e
Passive
External
condensed
Condenser
Core
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Literature review
Stagnant environment
Test
performed
Geometry and
size
Working fluid
Remarks
Othmer
Copper tube
D= 76.2 mm, L=1.22 m
Air/steam
Uchida
Vertical tube
D=0.2 m, L=0.3 m
Al-Diwani and
Rose
Dehbi et al.
Air/Steam
Air-Helium-Steam
Developed correlations for air/steam and airHelium and steam mixture. Heat transfer coefficient
estinated by heat and mass transfer model agree
well with exptl. data
Liu et al.
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Literature review
Stagnant environment
Test performed
Working fluid
Maheshwari et al.
Horizontal tube
D=21.3 mm, L=0.75 m
Air/Steam
Anderson et al.
Effect of orientation of
condensing surface was
found to be small
Remarks
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Literature review
Flowing vapor-noncondensable gas mixture
Test
performed
Working
fluid
Remarks
Nitrogen/Steam
Helium/Steam
Nagasaka et al.
Vertical SS tube
(Full scale SBWR PCC
tube)
Masoni et al.
Vertical tube
(Full scale SBWR PCC
tube)
Air/steam
Ogg
Vertical SS tube
ID=49.0 mm, L=2.44 m
Air/Steam and
Helium/ Steam
Hassanein et al.
Vertical SS tube
ID=46 mm, L=2.54 m
Air/Steam and
Helium/Steam
Vierow
Air/Steam
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Literature review
Flowing vapor- noncondensable gas mixture
Test
performed
Geometry
and size
Working
fluid
Remarks
Siddique
Vertical tube
ID= 25.27 mm,
L=1.22 m
Air/Steam and
Helium/ Steam
Araki
Vertical tube
ID=49.5 mm, L=1.21
m
Air/Steam
Kuhn
Vertical SS tube
ID=50.8 mm, L=2.4 m
Air/Steam and
Helium/ Steam
Park et al.
Vertical tube
Air/Steam
Maheshwari et al.
Vertical tube
ID=42.76 mm, L=1.6
m
Air/Steam
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Heatmass
and mass
transfer
Heat and
transfer
coefficient
The heat transfer through the condensate film
is balanced by the heat transfer through the
gas/vapor interface which is sum of latent heat
and sensible heat. This yields
tot
1
1
h
h
h
f
cond
g
(T - T ) m // H
cond b i
cond fg
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cond
(T - T ) m // H
b i
cond fg
l l g gHfg k
h f 0.943
L
T
T
l
i
w
3
l
1
4
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hg can be
expression
0.25
(for Gr 10 9 )
0.33
(for Gr 10 )
obtained
from
(12)
above
0.25
(for Gr 10 9 )
0.33
(for Gr 10 )
9
(13)
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Nu
(f /2)(Re - 1000)Pr
s
Sh
(f /2)(Re - 1000)Pr
s
When the Reynolds number is less than 2300, a fully developed laminar
flow regime is assumed. A value of 3.66 is assigned for Nu and Sh
Vienna, Austria, September 10-13, 2007
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Correlations
Some of the correlations available in literature
Number of correlations are available in the literature. Some of the
correlations developed are given below.
htot (Uchida )
Wnc
380
1 Wnc
0.7
htot
W nc
11.4 284
1 W nc
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Correlations
Dehbi correlation
h tot(Dehbi)
Tb Tw 0.25
for 0.3 m < L < 3.5 m; 1.5 atm. < Pt < 4.5 atm.;10 oC < (Tb-Tw) < 50 oC
The correlation developed by Liu et al.
0.252
h tot CX s2.344 Ptot
dT 0.307
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Correlations
Condensation inside the vertical tube
There are two types of correlations for estimating the heat transfer
coefficient.
The local heat transfer coefficient is expressed in the form of a
degradation factor defined as the ratio of the experimental heat
transfer coefficient (when noncondensable gas is present) and pure
steam heat transfer coefficient.
The degradation factor is a function of local noncondensable gas
mass fraction and mixture Reynolds number (or condensate
Reynolds number).
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Correlations
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Correlations
The degradation factor is defined as
f
h tot
h film
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Correlations
Correlation based on non-dimensional numbers
Siddique Correlation based on MIT data
Nu(x) 1.137Re 0.404
Wa1.105 Ja 0.741
g
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1000
260
100
A
100
1600
50
48.3
950
Section -AA
Condensate
line
Test set-up
Vienna, Austria, September 10-13, 2007
Geometry and
Dimensions of the
model
Air vent line
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Experiment set up
Thermocouple
Pressure transmitter
Level transmitter
T
P
LT
Relief
valve and
rupture
dick
Insulated lines
P
condensing Section
21.3 mm OD tube
750
1000
LT
2000
Nozzles for
vertical
installation of
model
Water
Pressure
regulator
Compressed
air
Water inlet
Heater
0-18 kW
To drain
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Comparison between
experimental and theoretical results
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Summary
Work done by various researchers is reviewed
The report deals with the following
- Condensation in stagnant steam/non-condensable environment
- Condensation in a flowing steam/non-condensable mixture
- Geometry considered -tubes with different orientations, plate, etc.