Zacaminte metalifere

Clasificri

criterii :

1556 - Georgius Agricola

(Georg Bauer)
De Re Metallica

- morfologic
- utilitar
- genetic
- asociatia litologica
- geodinamic
- etc.

 Clasificarea morfologica

- Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer) - 1556

- in lucrareaDe Re Metallica
- Bernard von Cotta - 1859

GEORGIUS AGRICOLA
1494 - 1555
Georgius Agricola (24 March 1494 21 Nov. 1555)
was a German scholar and scientist.
Known as "the father of mineralogy", he was born at
Glauchau in Saxony. His real name was Georg
Pawer/Bauer; Agricola is the Latinised version of his
name, Pawer/(Bauer) meaning farmer.
He is best known for his book De Re Metallica.
(sursa : Wikipedia)

In De natura fossilium (the book on which rests his

right to be regarded as the father of mineralogy),
Agricola offers a classification of minerals (called
fossils at that time) in terms of geometric form
(spheres, cones, plates). He was probably the first to
distinguish between simple substances and
compounds.
- Din Encyclopdia Britannica Online http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9518/Georgius-Agricola

- filoane
- fisuri mineralizate
- stockuri
- strate

DE RE METALLICA Georgius Agricola, 1556

His most famous work, the De re metallica libri xii, was published in 1556, though apparently finished in 1530, since the dedication to the elector and his brother is
dated 1550. It is a complete and systematic treatise on mining and extractive metallurgy, illustrated with many fine and interesting woodcuts which illustrate
every conceivable process to extract ores from the ground and metal from the ore, and more besides. Thus Agricola describes and illustrates how ore veins
occur in and on the ground, making the work an early contribution to the developing science of geology. He describes prospecting for ore veins and
surveying in great detail, as well as washing the ores to collect the heavier valuable minerals such as gold and tin.
It is also interesting for showing the many water mills used in mining, such as the machine for lifting men and material into and out of a mine shaft. Water mills found
innumerable applications, especially in crushing ores to release the fine particles of gold and other heavy minerals, as well as working giant bellows to force air into
the confined spaces of underground workings.
It contains in an appendix, the German equivalents for the technical terms used in the Latin text. It long remained a
standard work, and marks its author as one of the most accomplished chemists of his time. Believing the black rock
of the Schlossberg at Stolpen to be the same as Pliny the Elder's basalt, he applied this name to it, and thus originated
a petrological term which has been permanently incorporated in the vocabulary of science. Until that time, Pliny's
work Historia Naturalis (AD 77-79) was the main source of information on metals and mining techniques, and
Agricola makes numerous references to the Roman encyclopedia.
He describes many mining methods which are now redundant, such as fire-setting, which involved building fires
against hard rock faces. The hot rock was quenched with water and the thermal shock weakened it enough for easy
removal. It was very dangerous when used in underground galleries for the toxic gases given off by fires, and was
made obsolete by explosives.
De re metallica is considered a classic document of
Medieval metallurgy, unsurpassed for two centuries.
In 1912, the Mining Magazine (London) published
an English translation. The translation was made by
Herbert Hoover, an American mining engineer,
better known in his term as the 31st President of the
United States (19291933), and his wife Lou Henry
Hoover.
(sursa Wikipedia)

A water mill used for raising ore

Fire-setting underground

Georgius Agricola, portrait from Icones veterum aliquot ac

recentium medicorum philosophorumque (1574) by Joannes
Sambucus, printed in Antwerp.
Courtesy of the Muse National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris

Operation of a water-powered pump in an old mine;

woodcut from a Swiss edition of De re metallica
(1556) by Georgius Agricola.
The Granger Collection, New York

Din Encyclopdia Britannica

Online
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9518/Georgius-Agricola

Three methods of ventilating a mine, woodcut

from De re metallica by Georgius Agricola,
published 1556.
The Granger Collection, New York

Bernard von Cotta - 1859

Zacaminte de forma regulata

- strate
- filoane: - fil. formate pe fisuri
- fil. strat (concordante)
- fil. de contact
- fil. lenticulare
Zacaminte de forma neregulata
- stockuri (mase nereg. cu limite distincte)
- inclinate
- verticale
- impregnatii (mase nereg. fara limite nete)

 Clasificarea utilitara
(economica)

De Launay (1913)
Routhier (1963)
Smirnov (1976)
Petrulian (1973)
Jensen & Bateman (1981)
Cioflica (2002)

Willard Lacy - https://www.rmmlf.org/SciTech/Lacy/lacy.htm

Nr.
1

Tipuri utilitare/industriale

Exemple

Zcminte de metale feroase

Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, V, Ti.

2 Zcminte de metale neferoase de baza

Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn.

3 Zcminte de metale preioase

Au, Ag,

(base metals)

Pt, Os, Ir, Pd, Rh, Ru

(EPG / PGE)

Zcminte de metale uoare

Al, Li, Be, Mg, (Ti).

Zcminte de metale rare

W, Mo, Bi, Hg, Zr, Cs, Nb, Ta, (Be, Ra, Sn).

Zcminte de elemente radioactive

Zcminte de pmnturi rare

a) pmnturi rare cerice (uoare);

b) pmnturi rare ytrice (grele).

Zcminte de elemente disperse

Sc, Ga, Ge, Rb, Cd, In, Hf, Re, etc.

U, Th, Ra.

Dupa Petrulian (1973) si Cioflica (2002date nepubl.) cu completari

 Clasificarea geodinamica

Sillitoe (1970, 1971)

Guild (1971, 1974)
Sawkins (1972, 1984, 1990)
Mitchell & Garson (1976, 1981)
Mrza (1982)
Cioflica (2002)

Dupa Cioflica (2002 date nepubl.)

McCaffrey (2002)

 Clasificarea genetica

Von Groddeck (1879)

Beck (1904)

Niggli (1929)

singenetice
Zacaminte
epigenetice

- functie de relatiile cu
rocile gazda

NIGGLI - 1929
MINERO-CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
DERIVED FROM THE MAGMA
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE
Sub-aquatic-volcanic and at the
same time biochemical deposits

Native copper
Antimony-mercury

Gold-silver

Heavy metals

Tin-bismuth (silver)

PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE
Carbonates-oxides-sulfides-fluorides
Hydrothermal

Nickel-cobalt-arsenic (silver)

Lead-zinc-silver
Iron-copper-gold (arsenic)
Tourmaline-quartz association

Pneumatolytic to
Pegmatitic

Silicon-alkali-fluorine boron-tinmolybdenum tungsten

Heavy metals - alkaline earths phosphorus - titanium

Orthomagmatic

Titanium-iron-nickel-copper

Diamond, platinum-chromium

LINDGREN - 1933
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
I. Deposits produced by mechanical processes of concentration.

Lindgren (1933)

Guilbert & Park (1986)

II. Deposits produced by chemical processes of concentration.

A. In bodies of surface waters.
1) By interaction of solutions.
a. Inorganic reactions.
b. Organic reactions.
2) By evaporation of solvents.
B. In bodies of rocks.
1) By concentration of substances contained in the geologic body itself.
a. Concentration by rock decay and weathering near surface.
b. Concentration by ground water of deeper circulation.
c. Concentration by dynamic and regional metamorphism.
2) Concentration effected by introduction of substances foreign to the rock.
a. Origin independent of igneous activity. By circulating atmospheric waters
at slight or moderate depth.
b. Origin dependent upon the eruption of igneous rocks.
1. By hot ascending waters of uncertain origin, but charged with
igneous emanations.
a. Deposition and concentration at slight depth.
Epithermal deposits.
b. Deposition and concentration at intermediate depth.
Mesothermal deposits.
c. Deposition and concentration at great depth or at high
temperature and pressure.
Hypothermal deposits.
2. By direct igneous emanations.
a.From intrusive bodies. Contact metamorphic or pyrometasomatic
deposits.
b.From effusive bodies. Sublimates, fumaroles.
C. In magmas, by processes of differentiation.
1) Magmatic deposits proper.
2) Pegmatites.

Schneiderhhn (1949, 1955)

(din Amstutz, 1971)

A introdus notiunea de Zacaminte regenerate

SCHNEIDERHOHN - 1949
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS OF MAGMATIC ORIGIN
I. Intrusive and liquid-magmatic deposits Transition group I/II

D. Silver-cobalt-bismuth-nickel-uranium associations
1. Hypabyssal suite
a. Calcite-bearing silver veins
II. Pneumatolytic deposits
b. Carbonate-bearing silver-cobalt-nickel veins
A.Pegmatitic associations
c. Calcite-bearing cobalt-nickel-bismuth-silver-uranium veins
B. Pneumatolytic associations in the narrow sense
d. Fluorite-barite bearing copper-bismuth veins
C. Contact pneumatolytic associations Transition group II/III
e. Baritic silver-cobalt-bismuth veins
f. Quartzose cobalt-bismuth-uranium veins
III. Hydrothermal deposits
g. Carbonate-quartz cobalt-nickel-copper veins
A. Gold and silver associations
h. Baritic cobalt veins
i. Uranium-silver veins
1. Hypabyssal suite
j. Katathermal uranium deposits
a. Katathermal gold-quartz veins
2. Sub-volcanic suite (same as hypabyssal)
b. Gold-bearing impregnation deposits in silicate rocks
E. Tin-silver-tungsten-bismuth associations
c. Gold-bearing replacement deposits in carbonate rocks
1. Hypabyssal suite
d. Mesothermal gold-lead-selenium deposits
a. Epithermal tin veins
2. Sub-volcanic suite
b. Epithermal wolframite and scheelite veins
a. Epithermal gold-quartz veins and silver-gold veins
c. Katathermal bismuth veins
2.Sub-volcanic suite
b. Epithermal gold telluride veins
a. Pneumatolytic-hydrothermal tin deposits
c. Epithermal gold-selenium veins
b.Meso-to epithermal tin-silver deposits
d. Alunitic gold deposits
F. Antimony-mercury-arsenic-selenium associations
e. Epithermal silver deposits
1. Hypabyssal suite
B. Pyrite and copper associations
a. Epithermal stibnite veins
1. Hypabyssal suite
b. Epithermal stibnite replacement deposits
c. Epithermal antimony-mercury deposits
a. Kata- to mesothermal pyritic stocks and impregnations
d. Epithermal mercury deposits
b. Pyrite-chalcopyrite impregnations in silicate rocks
2.
Sub-volcanic
suite
c. Mesothermal chalcopyrite veins and crushed zones in metamorphosed
a. Epi-telethermal mercury deposits
mafic
rocks
metamorphosed
mafic rocks
b. Realgar-orpiment deposits
d. Mesothermal copper-arsenic veins
c. Selenium deposits
e. Mesothermal copper-arsenic replacement deposits
G. Iron-manganese association
2. Sub-volcanic suite
1. Undifferentiated
a. Siderite veins
a. Meso- to epithermal pyritic deposits
b. Metasomatic siderite deposits
b. Copper impregnated volcanic breccias
c. Specularite veins
c. Meso- to epithermal copper-arsenic associations
d. Platinum-bearing specularite veins
d. Telethermal chalcocite deposits
e. Manganese veins
e. Lake Superior native copper deposits
f. Metasomatic hematite veins
f. Epithermal zeolitic copper associations
g. Metasomatic magnesite
g. Epithermal epidotic copper associations
H.
associations
H.Iron-free
Iron-free
associations
1.1.
Undifferentiated
h. Red bed copper deposits
Undifferentiated
a. a.
Fluorspar
veins
C. Lead-silver-zinc associations
Fluorspar
veins
b. b.
Metasomatic
fluorspar
deposits
Metasomatic
fluorspar
deposits
1. Hypabyssal suite
c. c.
Barite
veins
Barite veins
a. Mesothermal quartz-pyrite lead associations
d. Metasomatic barite deposits

b. Mesothermal true quartz veins with galena and silver minerals

c. Mesothermal lead associations with carbonates
d. Mesothermal fluorite-barite lead associations

d. Metasomatic barite deposits

e. Witherite veins
f. Quartz veins
IV. Exhalation deposits

(din Amstutz, 1971)

Ramdohr (1960)
Amstutz (1971)

Stanton (1972)

Meyer (1981)
Misra (2000)

Ore petrology

Ores in igneous rocks

- mafic and ultramafic associations
- felsic associations
Ores of sedimentary affiliation
- iron concentrations
- manganese concentrations
- stratiform sulfides of marine and
marine-volcanic association
- stratabound ores
Ores of vein association
- volcanic precious metal telluride association
- base metal sulfide veins of igneous association
- native silver, cobalt-nickel arsenide ores of Cobalt type
Ores of metamorfic affiliation
- ores of contact-metamorphic association
- ores of regional-metamorphic association
- ores of metasomatic association
- ores associated with dislocation metamorphism

Smirnov (1976)

Evans (1980, 1987, 1993)

Geneza legata de procese interne crustei
Geneza legata de procese de suprafata

N.Petrulian (1973)
G.Cioflica (2002, date nepublicate)
Serii
Zcminte de
filiaie magmatic

Grupe

Zcminte pirometasomatice

Cristalizarea fracionat i licuaie

Cristalizarea fracionat i
metasomatoza
Metasomatoza

Zcminte hidrotermale

Umplerea golurilor i metasomatoza

Zcminte de alteraie

Zcminte vulcanogen submarine

Zcminte de precipitaie chimic
Zcminte detritice
Zcminte reziduale pe protolit

Zcminte metamorfice

mbogiri supergene ale

protominereului
Zcminte metamorfozate

Precipitare chimic
Precipitare chimic i biochimic
Acumulare mecanic
Concentrarea rezidual prin alteraia
rocilor
Oxidaie i mbogire supergen a
minereurilor
Metamorfismul termic, dinamic i
regional
Remobilizare n metamorfism

Zcminte sedimentare

Zcminte ortomagmatice
Zcminte pegmatitice

Procese principale de formare

Zcminte metamorfogene

I.Mrza

PETROMETALOGENIE (1985 1999)

Zacaminte magmatice
Zacaminte ortomagmatice
Zacaminte paramagmatice (perimagmatice)
Zacaminte pegmatitice
Zacaminte pirometasomatice ( skarne)
Zacaminte pneumatolitice ( greisene)
Zacaminte hidrotermale
Zacaminte vulcanogen-sedimentare
Zacaminte metamorfogene
Zacaminte metamorfice
Zacaminte metamorfozate
Zacaminte exogene
Zacaminte de sedimentare marina
Zacaminte detritice
Zacaminte de precipitatie chimica si biochimica
Zacaminte de evaporatie
Zacaminte biogene
Zacaminte reziduale
Zacaminte detritice de acumulare mecanica si hidromecanica
Zacaminte reziduale de concentratie chimica
Alterare exogena a zacamintelor de sulfuri
Depozite lateritice
Zacaminte de infiltratie
Zacaminte cu pozitie genetica neclara

(Marza, 1985)

(Marza, 1999 - Vol.4)

Udubasa G. et al. (1998)

o alta modalitate de reprezentare a
principalelor categorii de zacaminte

Clasificare de tip fractal

McCaffrey (2002)

ORIGIN DUE TO
IGNEOUS PROCESSES

ORIGIN DUE TO
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES

ORIGIN DUE TO SURFACE PROCESSES

Robb (2005)

Einaudi (2000)

Clasificarea genetica a zacamintelor

Categorii majore
Zcminte de origine magmatic

Zcminte sedimentare
Zcminte
exogene

Grupe
Zcminte ortomagmatice
(lichid-magmatice)

Cristalizarea fracionat i licuaia

Zcminte pegmatitice

Cristalizarea fracionat i
metasomatoza

Zcminte pirometasomatice

Metasomatoza

Zcminte hidrotermale

Umplerea golurilor i metasomatoza

Zcminte vulcanogen submarine

Precipitare chimic

Zcminte de precipitaie chimic

Precipitare chimic i biochimic

Zcminte detritice

Acumulare mecanic
Concentrarea rezidual prin alteraia
rocilor

Zcminte reziduale pe protolit

Zcminte de alteraie

Zcminte metamorfice

Procese principale de formare

mbogiri supergene ale protorului

Oxidaie i mbogire supergen a

minereurilor

Zcminte metamorfozate

Metamorfismul termic, dinamic i

regional

Zcminte metamorfogene

Remobilizare n metamorfism

Zcminte de origine magmatic.

Cuprind acumulrile de substane minerale utile formate direct din magm sau din
soluii post-magmatice, ca urmare a diferenierii endo- i exomagmatice. Urmtoarele
grupe de zcminte pot fi separate: zcminte ortomagmatice, zcminte pegmatitice,
zcminte pirometasomatice i zcminte hidrotermale.
Acumulrile de substane minerale utile formate direct din magm n anumite
momente din evoluia stadiului lichid-magmatic, prin procesele de cristalizare
fracionat i de licuaie, frecvent dublate de fenomenele de acumulare prin intervenia
activ a gravitaiei, a flotaiei sau a curentilor de convecie, apartin grupei de zcminte
ortomagmatice.
Acele acumulri de substane minerale utile separate din ultimele fraciuni de
magm rezidual, mbogite puternic n componeni volatili, prin procesul de
cristalizare fracionat, adesea continuat cu fenomenul de substituie, alctuiesc
zcminte pegmatitice.
Acumulrile de substane minerale utile formate la temperatur ridicat, ca
urmare a reaciilor metasomatice dintre fluidele post-magmatice i rocile carbonatice,
reprezint zcminte pirometasomatice (asociate skarnelor).
Depunerile de substane minerale utile din soluii hidrotermal-magmatice,
uneori cu un caracter mixt (ca urmare a amestecului cu soluii exotice), prin procese de
umplere a golurilor din roci sau de metasomatoz, constituie zcminte hidrotermale.

Zcminte exogene.
Cuprind acumulri de substane minerale utile formate la suprafaa sau n prile
superioare ale litosferei prin diverse procese de precipitaie chimic, procese de
acumulare mecanic sau prin acumularea in situ n urma dezagregrii i alterrii
rocilor i zcmintelor din domeniul uscatului.
Se pot separa dou subserii de zcminte: zcminte sedimentare propriu-zise i
zcminte de alterare.
n seria zcmintelor sedimentare propriu-zise intr acumulrile de substane
minerale utile formate la suprafaa sau n prile superioare ale litosferei prin procese de
precipitaie chimic i biochimic, ca i prin procese de acumulare mecanic, n urma
transportului produselor de dezagregare i alterare a rocilor i zcmintelor din domeniul
uscatului sau a manifestrii submarine a exhalaiilor i soluiilor fierbini. Se pot distinge
urmatoarele grupe: zcminte vulcanogen submarine, zcminte de precipitaie chimic
i zcminte detritice.
n seria zcmintelor de alteraie intr produsele de acumulare in situ
provenite n urma dezagregrii i alterrii rocilor i zcmintelor din domeniul uscatului.
Se disting dou grupe: zcminte reziduale pe suprafaa rocilor i mbogiri supergene
ale minereurilor.

n seria zcmintelor sedimentare propriu-zise se pot distinge urmatoarele

grupe: zcminte vulcanogen submarine, zcminte de precipitaie chimic i zcminte
detritice.
Acumulrile de substane minerale utile formate n condiii submarine ca
precipitate chimice din exhalaii i soluii fierbini de afiliaie vulcanic sau cu origine
parial uneori chiar integral n apa de mare, nclzit pn la fierbere n timpul
circulaiei convective prin litosfer sub influena unei surse calde, sunt denumite
zcminte vulcanogen submarine (vulcanogen-sedimentare); ele au un caracter mixt,
prin natura soluiilor mineralizante i originea componeniolor utili implicai n
metalogenez, fcnd astfel tranzitia de la zcmintele de filiaie magmatic la cele de
filiaie sedimentar.
n schimb, acumulrile de substane minerale utile provenite din soluii
coloidale i reale prin procesul de precipitare chimic, uneori i biochimic, sincron cu
acumularea sedimentelor sau n cadrul proceselor de diagenez i de epigenez, fr a fi
conectate la o activitate magmatic, reprezint zcminte de precipitaie chimic.
n contrast cu acestea se afl zcmintele detritice, care rezult prin
acumularea mecanic a produselor dezagregate, rezistente chimic la alteraie i transport.

n seria zcmintelor de alteraie se disting dou grupe: zcminte reziduale

pe suprafaa rocilor i mbogiri supergene ale minereurilor.
Acumulrile de substane minerale utile formate i acumulate pe suprafaa
rocilor parentale, ca urmare a proceselor de dezagregare i alterare, constituie zcminte
reziduale pe protolit.
Un aspect particular l ofera transformrile provocate i ntreinute de
infiltraia apelor meteorice n prile superioare ale corpurilor de minereuri i anume: n
zona de contact cu suprafaa apar acumulri superficiale cu caracter preponderent
rezidual, alctuind acumulri secundare proprii zonei de oxidaie; sub nivelul
hidrostatic rezult mbogiri n minerale secundare caracteristice zonei de cimentaie.
Acest ansamblu de produse secundare este repartizat la grupa de acumulri denumit
mbogiri supergene ale protominereului.

Zcminte metamorfice.
Aceast categorie de zcminte, n care metamorfismul are un rol esenial, cuprinde
dou grupe: zcminte metamorfozate i zcminte metamorfogene.
Acumulrile de substane minerale utile care, formate fiind iniial n cadrul
proceselor de filiaie magmatic, proceselor sedimentare i al proceselor de alteraie
supergen, au fost supuse metamorfismului, suferind transformari mineralogice,
texturale, structurale i morfologice, sunt denumite zcminte metamorfozate.
n cazul n care formarea unor acumulri de substane minerale utile se afl n
conexiune direct cu metamorfismul, cnd au loc fenomene de remobilizare i
reconcentrare a unor componeni utili sub influena soluiilor hidrotermal-metamorfice,
ele aparin le grupa de zcminte metamorfogene.