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Terminology
WHAT ARE
EXPERT SYSTEMS?
An Expert System (ES) is a computerbased system (mainly software) that uses
knowledge and facts, and apply an
appropriate reasoning technique
(inferencing) to solve problems in a given
field (domain) that normally require the
services of human experts.
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So, what IS ES
In other words..ES
BRIEF HISTORY
Examples of the early and famous expert
systems
DENDRAL
- Stanford Univ. (1965)
MYCYSMA
- MIT (1971)
MYCIN
EMYCIN
XCON
- DEC (1980)
Computer Vs Mind
A Human Experts
A doctor
Chess grands-master
Financial wizard
A chief
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Intelligent Vs Expertise
Levels of Abstraction
High
knowledge
Abstraction
information
low
Data
Categorized of Knowledge
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Basic Concept of ES
Expertise
Experts
Rules
Inference rules
Transferring expertise
Explanation capability
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Fundamental Characteristic of an ES
QUALIFYING
CHARACTERISTICS
OF EXPERT SYSTEMS
ES are appropriate in domains when/where:
QUALIFYING CHARACTERISTICS
OF EXPERT SYSTEMS Contd
ES are not suitable when/where:
applications are calculative or deterministic
in nature
a formula or model exists
human experts are plentiful
not integrable into existing systems
end users have to build the knowledge base
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Designing ES
The process of building ES is called
Knowledge Engineering, consist of
three stages :
i.
Knowledge acquisition : the process of
getting the knowledge from experts
ii.
Knowledge representation : selecting
the most appropriate structures to
represent the knowledge
iii. Knowledge validation :testing that the
knowledge of ES is correct and complete
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General Arch. Of ES
Working Memory
Knowledge Base
Inference Engine
I
N
T
E
R
F
A
C
E
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ES ARCHITECTURE
Contd
Knowledge Base
Information - facts, rules, goals,
knowledge
Domain specific facts and heuristics from
experts are stored
Inference Engine
Workhouse of system
Implements inference mechanism
Carries out search through KB
Provides overall control of system
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ES ARCHITECTURE
Contd
Working Memory
Keeps track of current problem
status and history of solution to date
An area in memory for storing problem
constructed from facts supplied by user or KB
User Interface
Consultation
interface - Query
facility
Knowledge acquisition facility
Graphical screen interface
Explanation
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Types of ES
Frame-Based System
Model-Based System
Hybrid System
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Development Environment
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Domain Expert
Knowledge Eng.
Programmer
Expert system
End user
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STAGES IN ES DEVELOPMENT
Identification
determination of the scope of the
problem and its characteristics
identify the experts, resources
needed, and goals of the ES
determine whether problem can be
addressed by an ES
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STAGES IN ES DEVELOPMENT
Contd
Conceptualization
knowledge acquisition
deciding on possible decomposition of problem
into subtasks
study, in detail, nature of domain knowledge to
identify concepts required to arrive at a solution
of the proble
the control strategy for properly using these
concepts is considered
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STAGES IN ES DEVELOPMENT
Contd
Implementation
STAGES IN ES DEVELOPMENT
Contd
Testing and Validation
Integration
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Benefits of ES
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A champion in management
User involvement
Training
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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF ES
IN ENGINEERING & RELATED FIELDS
Contd
Education
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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF ES
IN ENGINEERING & RELATED FIELDS
Contd
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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF ES
IN ENGINEERING & RELATED FIELDS Contd
Sales
Scheduling
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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF ES
IN ENGINEERING & RELATED FIELDS Contd
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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF ES
IN ENGINEERING & RELATED FIELDS Contd
Engineering
Carburetor fault diagnosis
Construction project planning and evaluation
Design of foundations for bridges and buildings
(Carnegie-Mellon University)
Fastener selection
Front end for engineering design package
Linear programming system (American
University)
Material handling equipment selector (North
Carolina State University)
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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF ES
IN ENGINEERING & RELATED FIELDS Contd
Manufacturing
Analysis and prevention of mechanical failures (Duke
University)
Chemical material selection
Continuous-process manufacturing advisor
Detecting cracks in billets (Kawasaki Steel)
Diagnosis of hydrostatic sterilizers (Campbell Soup)
Diagnosis of railroad locomotives (DELTA, General Electric)
Maintenance of epi-reactor (IMP, Texas Instruments)
Newspaper layout design (Composition Systems)
Optimum performance maintenance (Ingalls Shipbuilding)
Process control applications (PICON, Lisp Machine, Inc.)
Sequencing computer board assembly (HI CLASS, Hughes)
Troubleshooting circuits (Hewlett-Packard)
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Expert systems
Define expert system.
What are the features of an expert system?
Write short notes on expert system building ?
How do expert systems differ from conventional programs ?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial expertise over
human Expertise?
Discuss the basic characteristics of an expert system.
Describe a typical expert system architecture
What are the different types of knowledge representation. Explain them in
detail with examples.
Explain the difference between forward and backward chaining and under
what conditions each would be best to use for a given set of problems.
When is expert system development possible ? explain the tasks in
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building expert systems.