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1 mm
Ribosomes
in cytoplasm
Outer
membrane
Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
(also known
as inner
membrane)
Flagellum
Nucleoid
(where bacterial
chromosome is
found)
Mother cell
Bacterial
chromosome
Replication of bacterial
chromosome
Bacterial
Cell
Division
FtsZ protein
Septum
Two daughter
cells
Microfilament
Golgi
body
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus
Chromosomal
DNA
Nucleus
Eukaryotic
Cell
Structure
Polyribosomes
Ribosome
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasm
Membrane protein
Plasma membrane
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Lysosome
Mitochondrial DNA
(b) Animal cell
Mitochondrion
Centriole
Microtubule
CopyrightTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.
Functions of
mitosis and
meiosis
Karyotype
(normal male)
EmerysElementsofMedicalGenetics,12thed2005Elsevier
Types of Chromosomes
FromGenetics,AConceptualApproach,Pierce,2nded.
Each chromosome
has a characteristic
banding pattern
EmerysElementsofMedicalGenetics,12thed2005Elsevier
Chromosome nomenclature
Karyotype
(normal male)
Is this a diploid or a
haploid karyotype?
EmerysElementsofMedicalGenetics,12thed2005Elsevier
Homologous
chromosomes
and
sister chromatids
of the right
homolog
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15
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11
16
20
17
21
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22
XY
Leonard Lessin/Peter Arnold
A pair of homologous
chromosomes
12
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homologous
pair of
chromosomes
Genotype:
AA
Bb
cc
Homozygous Heterozygous Homozygous
for the
for the
dominant
recessive
allele
allele
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interphase
Te
lo
Chromosome Nucleolus
G0
(Nondividing cell)
Pr
op
h
G2
se
ha
ap
et
om
Pr
ase
Metaph
to
Cy
i
es
n
ki
ph
as
e
Anaph
ase
G1
as
e
Two
daughter
cells
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or dis
CDK
S
Activated G1
cyclin/CDK
complex
CDK
G1
checkpoint
G2
checkpoint
G1
G1 cyclin
G2
Mitotic
cyclin
CDK
M
Metaphase
checkpoint
CDK
Activated
mitotic
cyclin/CDK
complex
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
The concentration of
cyclin proteins determines
the Cell Cycle
(fig from Campbells Biology)
movement
Cleavage
furrow
S
G1
Cy
G2
n
ki
to
es
is
150 mm
Dr.DavidM.Phillips/VisualsUnlimited
How do the
microtubules
appear out of
nowhere?
Karyotype
(normal male)
Is this a diploid or a
haploid karyotype?
EmerysElementsofMedicalGenetics,12thed2005Elsevier
Is this a diploid or
a haploid
karyotype?
EmerysElementsofMedicalGenetics,12thed2005Elsevier
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(a) Chromosomal composition found
in most female human cells
(46 chromosomes)
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18
19
20
21
22
CopyrightTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.
XX
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11
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13
14
15
16
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18
19
20
21
22
CopyrightTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.