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AND BIODEGRADATION
Lecture Week 4
Biodegradation of Azo Dyes
By Puan Norhayati Abdullah
History of dyes
Horses
Fighting Rhinos
Introduction to Dye
Classification of dyes
Mordant dyes are used for wool, silk, nylon and leather.
Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Metal-complex
Reactive
Sulfur
DEGREE OF
FIXATION (%)
LOSS TO EFFLUENT
(%)
80-95
95-100
70-95
90-100
90-98
50-90
60-90
5-20
0-5
5-30
0-10
2-10
10-50
10-40
Azo Dyes
Dye-degrading microorganisms
various azo
Tectilon Blue 4R-01
Azobenzene
p-aminoazobenzene
Brilliant Green
various azo
Methyl Red
Deep Red
Red G
Physical and/or
chemical methods
Advantages
Disadvantages
Adsorption
Good removal of a
wide variety of dyes
Membrane
technologies
Concentrated sludge
production
Coagulation/
flocculation
Economically feasible
Oxidation
Rapid process
TCA
Combined Metabolism