IP Address and

Subnetting

IP Addressing

Overview

IPv4 address
Classful addressing
Private and Public IP addresses
Subnet
Need to subnet
Subnet Class C address
Task
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Review: IPv4 Address Classes

IP v4 addresses are 32 bits

long, given as a.b.c.d
IP addresses are divided into
five classes, identified by the
first group of numbers in the
dotted decimal notation as
Class
Range

A
0-127

B
128-191

C
192-223

D
224-239

E
240-255
Addresses from classes A, B,
C
are assignable

88

16

24

Host ID

Class A 0 Network ID

Class B 10

Class C 110

Class D 1110

Multicast Addresses

Class E 1111

Reserved for experiments

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Review - Subnet mask

Generally, IP addresses have

two parts
Network (Net id)
Class A
Host ID
Netid and Hostid in a given IP Class B
address are identified by
Subnet mask
Class C
Default subnet masks are
Class A :

2nd octet

3rd octet

4th octet

Network

Host

Host

Host

Network

Network

Host

Host

Network

Network

Network

255.0.0.0

Class B :

1st octet

255.255.0.0

Class C :

255.255.255.0
5

Host

Special IP Addresses

Loopback address

127.0.0.0

Network address

IP address with all host bits set to 0

Example: 172.16.0.0

Broadcast address

IP address with all host bits set to 1

Example: 172.16.255.255

Public and private IP

addresses
Public IP addresses
Unique
Used to connect to Internet.
Use of an address class depends

on
number of hosts / networks, required to
be connected

Private

IP addresses

Use to conserve public IP addresses

Three special ranges, one each in class A, B
and C.
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Private IP addresses

Assigned to hosts that do

not connect directly to the
Internet
Three blocks are available,
one each from
Class A
Class B
Class C
addresses

Class Range

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255

Addresses need to be
translated for connecting
hosts to the Internet .
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Problems with traditional (Classful) IP

Addressing

Inefficient Address Usage

In danger of running out of classes A and B
Why?
Class C too small for most domains
Very few class A very careful about giving them
out
Class B poses greatest problem
Class B sparsely populated
But users refuse to give it back
Need simple way to reduce the number of network
numbers assigned
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Some solutions to overcome

IP address problem
Use Private Addresses
Dynamic allocation of addresses
DHCP
Subnet the given address
Use Classless IP addressing schemes
(CIDR)
Use larger address space
IPv6 uses 128 bit address (32 bits
for IPv4 addresses)

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Task: Assign IP addresses

Device ?
Router

Assign IP addresses to above network using appropriate subnet

mask:
Class A
Class B
Class C

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Why Subnet?
Corporate
Corporate Network
Network

Finance Dept

Admin
MIS

Organizations have multiple

networks which are
independently managed
Subnetting allows us to
break LANs into small subnetworks
Sub-networks created by
borrowing bits from host-id.
from the given IP address
What are the maximum
number of bits that can be
borrowed in a

Class C address?

Class B address?

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Designing addressing scheme

for an Inter-network.

When designing an address scheme, assign addresses

to hosts, network devices and the router interface

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Document: Addressing Maps

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How to: Subnetting

Steps

Know how many Different Networks are

required

Borrow bits from the host portion of the IP

address

Find New Subnet Mask.

Calculate the number of sub-networks and

the hosts available corresponding to
borrowed bits

Find the sub-network boundary

Network Address
Find the broadcast address.
Lets look at each of these steps in detail

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1. How many bits to borrow?

How many host bits CAN/DO I have to borrow to create

required subnets
Depends on the class of your network address.
How do you find the IP address class?
First octet of IP address
What are the host bits for the default subnet mask?
Class C:
8 host bits
Class B:
16 host bits
Class A:
24 host bits
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Example: How many bits to

borrow?

Class C Address: 210.93.45.0

Requirement: At least 5 subnets
how many bits do we borrow (Bits Borrow (BB))?
How many bits in the host portion (HB) do we have for
default mask?
Since its a Class C, we have 8 bits to work with.
2 to what power will give us at least 5 subnets?
23 - 2 = 6 subnets
How many bits are left for hosts?
Bits left = Bits available bits borrowed
5 = 8-3
Assignable host addresses
25 - 2 = 30 hosts
One network address, one broadcast address
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2. Whats the new subnet

mask?

We determine the new subnet mask by adding up the decimal value

of the bits we borrowed.

In the previous Class C example, we borrowed 3 bits. Below is the

host octet showing the bits we borrowed and their decimal values.

1
128

1
64

1
32

16

We add up the decimal value of these bits and get 224

(128+64+32).

NEW subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 (as against default subnet mask o

255.255.255.0)
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3. Whats the magic

number?
In our Class C example, our subnet
mask was 255.255.255.224.
224

is our last non-zero octet.

Our

magic number is 256 - 224 = 32

Note: The last bit borrowed was
the 32 bit.
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Assigning sub-network
addresses

We now take our magic number and use it as a

multiplier
Our Class C address was 210.93.45.0.
We borrowed bits in the fourth octet, so thats where
our multiplier occurs.
1st subnet: 210.93.45.32
2nd subnet: 210.93.45.64
3rd subnet: 210.93.45.96
4th subnet: 210.93.45.128
5th subnet: 210.93.45.160
6th subnet: 210.93.45.192
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Host & Broadcast Addresses

Now you can see why we subtract 2 when determining the number of
host addresses.

Lets look at our 1st subnet: 210.93.45.32

What is the total range of addresses up to our next subnet,

210.93.45.64?
210.93.45.32 to 210.93.45.63 or 32 addresses

.32 cannot be assigned to a host. Why?

Because it is the subnets address.

.63 cannot be assigned to a host. Why?

Because it is the subnets broadcast address.

So our host addresses are

.33 - .62 or 30 host addresses--just like we figured out earlier.

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Last Non-Zero Octet

Memorize this table. You

should be able to:

Quickly calculate the last non-zero

octet when given the number of
bits borrowed or...

Determine the number of bits

borrowed when given the last nonzero octet.

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