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Saloon Car The basic body shape is the Saloon with two or four
doors and a permanent rigid roof, this design can be broken down
into three compartments, the first would normally be the engine
compartment, the centre would be for the occupants, the rear would
normally be used for storage, often referred to as the Boot The
three compartments are blended together to give a pleasing and
aero dynamic shape.
Estate Car Also known as a Shooting Brake or Station Wagon, in
this design the roof panel is extended to the rear to increase the
storage area, the rear seats are designed to fold down to increase
the floor area. The rear door is referred to as the tailgate and opens
as wide as possible. The rear suspension is up rated to support the
extra.
Hatchback This design gives some of the advantages of the
Estate car, the tailgate is counted as one door and the rear seats
fold down to give a flat floor. Hatchbacks are made in three and five
door versions.
Heavy Commercial Vehicles are very robust and normally used for
long distance transportation of goods, the vehicles are referred to as
Trucks and have a gross vehicle weight greater than about three
tonne. A large flat platform is used to carry the load. To carry heavy
loads the rear wheels either have twin tyres fitted side by side, or
wide section tyres. Vehicles exceeding a certain total loaded weight
are required to have six wheels carried on three axles, even heavier
loads are required to have eight wheels. These are legal
requirements laid down in the construction and use regulations.
Trucks are allowed to tow a trailer on which an additional load can
be carried. A Articulated vehicle consists of two parts, a four or six
wheel tractor which does not carry any load, which is connected by
a special coupling referred to as the fifth wheel to the front end of
the trailer, which itself has two or four wheels at its rear end. The
trailer has retractable wheels on which it can be supported allowing
the tractor to be uncoupled and used elsewhere. Loads carried must
not exceed the gross train weight.
Composite
Construction
Integral Construction
Active Systems
Active safety systems are operating all the time i.e. they are not
waiting for an accident to occur.
Antilock brakes Electronically controlled system to prevent the
wheels from locking and skidding when the brakes are applied. This
helps the driver maintain control when braking.
Aerodynamic stability A stable car is less likely to go out of control
Dual circuit brakes Standard on all modern cars, if one brake pipe
bursts, the brakes will still work on at least two wheels.
Comfortable driving position The driver is more likely to be able to
react to potential trouble.
Safety glass Toughened glass shatters on impact into small road
granules which do not cause cuts, but vision is impaired. Modern
laminated glass resists heavy impacts without shattering and vision
remains good
Good ventilation Helps to keep the driver awake and alert.
Efficient bad weather equipment Good lights and good windscreen
wipers, to name just two parts, ensure the driver can see and be
seen.
Seat Belts
Seat belts are used to restrain
passengers in their seats during
an accident. They are made
from tough nylon straps.
The seat belt buckle provides a
strong locking mechanism, but must
also be easy to lock and unlock.
Seat belts have a retractor that
ensures the belt is constantly
kept under slight tension.
When the belt is removed, the
retractor automatically recoils
the strap out of the way.
Seat Belts
Some vehicles incorporate a seat belt reminder
system. When a seat belt is not fastened correctly,
a warning lamp is illuminated on the dashboard.
Some systems also use an audible warning.
These systems usually use two switches,
the seat belt buckle switch and a pressure
sensitive switch, under the seat.
A modern vehicle has seat belts that are fitted
with pretensioners. They are activated in the
event of a crash.
The control module fires a pyrotechnic device,
which tensions the seat belt, keeping the driver
in a safe position, ready for air bag activation.
Air Bag
An air bag system comprises the
following components:
Impact Sensors.
Safing Sensor.
Control Module.
Air Bag Module.
Roof
Rear quarter
Rear
bumper
Front
bumper
Front wing
Bonnet
Doors
Terminology
Terminology