CONTROL PHILOSPHY & MONITORING

A PRESNTATION
BY
S.K.TRIPATHI
Dy. MANAGER (E) , CPU

There are two topics in this presentation

1. Control Philosophy
2. monitoring

Control Philosophy

Normal Start & stop sequence

Controls during normal / smooth generation
Controls during emergent conditions
Tripping and restoration

Check List COOLING WATER FLOOR EL 211.25M

Cooling water pump #1 & 2

O.L.U working in AUTO/MANUAL
Condition of duplex strainer#1
Draft tube pressure
Cooling water header pressure
Condition of D/T valve pit pump

TURBINE PIT EL 218.70 M

Condition of top cover drainage pump

Shaft seal water pressure
GV shear pin air pressure
Oil leakage from TGB
Governor servomotor opening& Closing pressure
Water pressure /vacuum below top cover & spiral casing
Healthiness of PP set motor #1 & 2
Pressure in the accumulator & sump
Leakage from idealer valve #1
Healthiness of HS lube pump
Healthiness of CGLS
Flow meter in the air & Oil cooler
Air pressure in breaking system
Water leakage from any valve (Give location
Healthiness of H.P & LP compressor #1 & 2
Condition of UAT breaker.
Condition of ESV

Check list MACHINE FLOOR EL 227.70M

Hot & Cold air temp.

Thrust bearing pad temperature
Generator guide bearing (GGB) pad & Oil temperature
Turbine guide bearing (TGB) pad & Oiltemperature
Cooling water inlet & outlet temperature
Governor pressure on EHG cabinet
Bridge current in AVR panel
Any sparking on slip ring brushes
Check any alarm in UCB panel
Healthiness of sprinkler in cooling pond

Water level in cooling pond

Check List TRANSFORMER DECK (EL 227.70 M)

No of coolers working
Healthiness of oil circulation temperature
Transformer winding temperature
Transformer oil temperature
Humming sound
Any water leakage from any point
Any oil leakage from any point

Check List CONTROL ROOM

Regular checking of control desk and control panels

Indication of Annunciation panel
Healthiness of relay Panels.

HEALTHINESS OF PUMPS ((EL 210.60 M)

90 HP VT Dewatering pump
35 HP submersible pump (Drainage pit)

Check List LT ROOM

Battery charger in Float/Boost mode.

Healthiness of SST#1 & 2 circuit breaker
Healthiness of HALON system

PRESTART CHECK LIST

No work permit should be outstanding.

Gen.schedule should be approved from NRLDC
Oil level in TGB/GGB should be normal.
All relevant oil/air/water lines should be charged and cooling water header
pressure should be normal.
D.C control circuit voltage check relay healthy
Gov. Oil pressure and level should be normal
Master stop relay reset/Controlled action shutdown relay reset/Emergency
shutdown relay reset. Electrical lockout relays reset
ESV ckt. should be healthy
Top cover pump AC supply should be normal.
HS pump AC supply ON.
DC supply to all Protection/controlled relay panel should be normal
Brake air pressure normal and brakes in released position
Guide vanes in closed position with lock disengaged.
Penstock & Draft tube gates are open.
Air pressure to shaft gland isolating seal released.

PRESTART CHECK LIST

Penstock drain valve should be closed.

Fire fighting system should be healthy.
No alarm/annunciation is present.
Transformer oil flow/ oil pressure normal.
Generator HV circuit breaker open
Generator Field breaker open.
Prestart check indication unit ready to start-ON.
For auto start from control room
1. Gov. & exciter should be in Auto mode.
2. Unit selection in local mode.

Start Sequence

GIVE START COMMAND TO THE MACHINE

MIV IS OPENED
HS PUMP STARTS,MACHINE CREEPS
GUIDE VANES OPEN, MACHINE PICKS UP SPEED
MACHINE REACHES 100% SPEED
CLOSE FIELD BREAKER,RAISE THE VOLTAGE TO 11KV
FOR MANUAL SYNCHRONIZATION, TURN ON THE SYNCHROSCOPE
MATCH THE LINE FREQUENCY AND LINE VOLTAGE WITH THE
FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE OF THE MACHINE
WHEN CHECK SYNC. IN LIMIT LIGHT GLOWS,CLOSE THE HVCB
INCREASE THE LOAD TO THE DESIRED LEVEL BY OPENING THE GV
TURN OFF THE SYNCHROSCOPE
NOTE THE TIME OF SYNCHRONIZATION

STOPPING SEQUENCE

INFORM NRLDC AND THE RECEIVING END

REDUCE THE LOAD SLOWLY TO MINIMUM POSSIBLE VALUE
TRIP HVCB
REDUCE THE FIELD CURRENT TILL THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE IS
ALMOST ZERO
TRIP FIELD BREAKER, GV CLOSES
MACHINE RETARDS
ENSURE THAT HS LUB PUMP STARTS AT 30% SPEED(AUTO)
BREAKS ARE APPLIED JUST AFTER THE HS PUMP STARTS
MACHINE COMES TO STANDSTILL
HS PUMP STOPS
GENERATOR BREAKS RELEASES
SHUT OFF COLLONG WATER SUPPLY TO STATOR, GT AND
BEARINGS
TURN OFF INTER PAD COOLING SYSTEM(IF RUNNING)

STOPPING SEQUENCE

ENGAGE GV LOCK, IF UNIT SHUT DOWN FOR LONGER PERIOD

RECORED THE TIME OF OPENING OF HVCB AND STOPPING OF
MACHINE

DOS

Check the noise level at turbine and generator floors.

Keep an hourly record of RTD & TSD temperatures on the log sheets and
any abnormality to be taken due care of and corrective action be taken as
required.
Check for wobbling of the shaft during operation at the coupling and record.
If wobbling is beyond permissible limit, further investigate the matter. Check
the shaft vibration at salient points and take corrective action.
Keep a close watch on operation of slip ring for any sparking, pitting etc.
Check the oil level gauges in oil baths, which are accessible.
Check actual flow of water through pipes & water pressure from flow
indicator/relay/pressure gauges.
Ensure that brakes are applied at the specified speed and with correct air
pressure
Record of unit stopping time from rated speed to braking speed to rest. Any
change in braking time should be investigated.

DONTS

Do not operate the machine in forbidden zone.

Do not run the machine, if any, abnormal sound is there.
Do not ignore any rise in stabilized temperatures. Cause should be
investigated and if required, remedial action be taken.
Do not run the machine, if water leaks through bearing coolers inside the oil
bath.
Do not apply brakes at higher speed and higher air pressure than what is
specified as it may distort the brake track due to overheating.
Do not start the unit until HS Lubrication system is switched on.
Do not operate the unit at low speed with HS Lubrication system off, as such
operation is likely to damage the TB pads.
Do not synchronize the unit when out of the phase, as jerk of the unit is
detrimental to its operation.
Do not allow the unit to go to runaway speed.

S.No
.

Operation Parameter

Normal Value

Max. Permissible limit/

Alarm Value/Trip Value

1.

Stator Winding Temperature

90 C

120 C

2.

Rotor Winding Temperature

95 C

125 C

3.

Generation Voltage

11 kV

11 kV(+/-) 5%

4.

Generation Current

1850 A

2362(0.90 Lagging P.F)

5.

Field Voltage

340 V

6.

Field Current

900 A at rated
load
530 A at no load
& rated voltage

7.

Frequency

50.00 Hz.

50 Hz(+/-) 3%

9.

Generator Speed

136.4 rpm

136.4 rpm (+/-) 3 %

(normal)
115% speed- Unit tripping
135% speed Elect.
Overspeed trip
150% speed- Mech.
Overspeed trip
280 rpm- runaway( on-cam)
370 rpm runaway (off-cam)

10.

Power Factor

0.9 lagging

11.

Brake operating air pressure

5 kg/cm2

7 kg/cm2(Max.)

12.

Brake application speed

30% of Syn.
speed

70 rpm (Max.)

S.No
.

Operation Parameter

Normal Value

Max. Permissible limit/

Alarm Value/Trip Value

13.

Jacking Oil pressure

85 bar

14.

Cooling water pressure

7 kg/cm2

15.

MVAR-Generator

4.8 MVAR

16.

Gen. Air/ Oil circulating

cooling water inlet temp.

20-35C
(depending on
weather)

17.

Gen. Air/ Oil circulating

cooling water outlet temp.

30-45 C
(depending on
weather & load)

18.

Gen. Air/ Oil circulating

cooling water inlet pressure

5-6kg/cm2

19.

Shaft seal cooling water

pressure

2-3 kg/cm2

20.

Thyristor convertor bridge

current

200-250 A

21.

Runner blade angle ()

Depends on load
& guide vane
opening

Range of movement=20.5

22.

Governor Oil pressure

18-20 kg/cm2

15 kg/cm2(min.
recomended)

23.

SST Winding Temperature

50-60 C

80 C

24.

SST Oil Temperature

50-55 C

70 C

14 MVAR

7 kg/cm2(max.)
5 kg/cm2(min.)

S.No
.

Operation Parameter

Normal Value

Max. Permissible limit/

Alarm Value/Trip Value

25.

UAT Winding Temperature

50-60 C

80 C

26.

UAT Oil Temperature

50-55 C

70 C

27.

220/132 kV Auto transformerWinding Temperature

50-60 C

80 C

28.

220/132 kV Auto transformerOil Temperature

50-55 C

70 C

29.

Line Current(CB-Ganj-I/II)

140 A/Line

280 A

30.

Line Active Power (CB-GanjI/II)

48 MW

96 MW

31.

Line Reactive Power (CBGanj-I/II)

5 MVAR/Line

40 MVAR

32.

Line Voltage (CB-Ganj-I/II)

220 kV

245 kV(Max)/200kV(Min)

33.

Line Current(Nepal feeder)

28 A

98 A

34.

Line Active Power (Nepal

feeder)

0-20 MW

50 MW

35.

Line Reactive Power (Nepal

feeder)

2.5 MVAR

9.5 MVAR

36.

Line Voltage (Nepal feeder)

132 kV

145 kV(Max.)/120 kV(Min)

S.No
.

Operation Parameter

Normal Value

Max. Permissible limit/

Alarm Value/Trip Value

37.

Water level (Barrage)

246.7 m

38.

Water Level (Forebay)

246.0 m-246.2 m

246.4 m(Bye-pass)

39.

Water level ( TRC)

221-223 m

depends on generation(No.
of units running)

40.

Discharge( Sharda River)

Upto 150000
cusecs (flood)

41.

Discharge (Head Regulator)

20000 (max.)
cusec

depends on load

42.

Silt in ppm

100-1000 ppmSummer/Winter
1000-3500 ppmRainy Season

5000 ppm max.

43.

H.P Pressure Receiver

40-42 kg/cm2

44 kg/cm2

44.

L.P Pressure Receiver

6-7 kg/cm2

45.

L.P Station Receiver

6-7 kg/cm2

46.

Water pressure in spiral

casing

2-3 kg/cm2

47.

Water pressure / vacuum

below top cover

-1 to +1 kg/cm2

48.

Shaft gland water pressure

2-3 kg/cm2

4.7 kg/cm2(max.)

S.No
.

Operation Parameter

Normal Value

Max. Permissible limit/

Alarm Value/Trip Value

49.

220 V DCDB Load Voltage

220 V

220 V+- 10%

50.

220 V DCDB Load Current

25 A

40 A

51.

220 V DCDB Battery Voltage

220 V

220 V+- 10%

52.

220 V DCDB Battery Current

25 A

40 A

53.

Max . guide vane opening ()

Depends on load

Upto 46.2 & guide vane

servomotor movement
=660 mm

54.

Working air pressure of

isolating seal

3.0- 5.0 kg/cm2

6.0 kg/cm2(Max.)

55.

Max. Runner blade opening

Depends on load

From 8.2 to +13.0

degrees
.Servomotor
movement = 105 mm.

Electrical S/D & Lock-out Circuits

1

Gen field fail Protection with U/V

Reverse power Protection

Gen. spilt phase diff.Protection

Generator stator main E/F protection

Generator Transformer Overall Diff. protection

Generator-Transformer HV REF Protn

Generator-Transformer HV Un.EF protn /Gen over flux protn.

Gen Transformer Buchh, no oil flow & no water flow protn

Emergency shutdown

10

Gen Transformer on fire/Gen on fire

11

Gen. Diff protn

12

Excitation TR O/C Protn.Trip Stage1/StageII

13

UAT Buchh. Trip Aux

14

UAT O/C protn

15

UAT REF protn.

16

Gen.link line Diff. protn

17

Generator E/F protn

18

LBB protn

19

Voltage balance scheme

Non-Electrical S/D & Lock out Tripping Circuits

1

Turbine guide bearing Temp.very high

Gen. Guide bearing Temp. very high

Gen thrust guide bearing Temp. very high

Gen air cooler inlet air temp.very high

Gen Tr. wdg Temp. very high

Gen Tr .oil temp very high

Governor oil press. Unit oil press Very low

Unit over speed Elect/Mech.speed

Governor failure

10

Controlled action shutdown

Elect.Non-Lock out Trip
1 Gen. Backup Imp protn.
2 Gen over voltage protn.
3 Gen. ve Ph sequence protn
4 Gen.loss of field protn.
5 No load Tripping protn
6 Excitation TR O/C instantaneous
7 Bus bar protn. Contact.

Condition Monitoring in
Hydroelectric power station

Condition monitoring existed from eons

Man monitors own temperature
In motors & generator you monitor whether sound and temperature ,
vibration etc are OK
New thing is we are able to monitor certain parameters online & real time
which were not feasible earlier which was done offline
Benefit in term of reduced outage and increased utilization of useful life
In past simple hand held , portable devices used. Now more advanced
computerized , IT Tool based Monitoring having historical data logging ,
trending & diagnostic features are available.

Technologies

Offline

1.
2.
3.
4.

Analysis of Lubricating Oil

Analysisi of transformer Oil
Tan Delta & Power Factor of transformer bushings
Thermography

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Online
Vibration analysis
Air gap between stator & rotor
Temperature of bearing , oil & winding
Inflow
Efficiency of Turbine & generator
Cavitation in turbine
Silt monitoring
Partial discharge
Gas & moister in transformer oil

Vibration Monitoring & Analysis

Most effective method of detecting faults of various origin , diagnosis &

analysis of fault and maintenance planning
Hydro units are generally vertical shaft & conditions & forces are unique
Vibration behavior is also unique and require specialized vibration
monitoring equipment
Potential problems are Unbalance , Misalignment , Looseness , Bearing
defects , Resonance , Electrical problems .
Some problems specicific to hydro are rough load zone , Shear pin failure ,
Debris in guide vane / wicket gates , cavitation
Radial & axial vibraion of important elements in terms of relative / absolute
value is obtained by suitable sensors / probes and transmitted to
monitoring , diagnostic , analysis system
For complete assesment vibraion mesurement is correlated with wicket gate
opening , air gap , Flux , head , discharge , load etc

Vibration Monitoring & Analysis

Most important consideration is Type of probe / sensor and feature

& functionality in monitoring /diagnostic software
Vibration transducer must give reliable & accurate measurement
The latest development is capacitive probe which is superior to eddy
current type proximity probes because air gap capacitance is
immune to magnetic fields , metallurgical properties , electrical run
out , shaft current , residual magnetism etc.
Vibration behavior of a machine is an excellent indicator of the
machine condition through which problems of various electrical /
mechanical / hydraulic defects having origin in turbine as well as
generator can be monitored and diagnosed
It is considered as most essential condition monitoring tool of
generating units

Dissolved gas analysis of Transformer Oil

DGA is well established tool to asses health & suggest further course by
assessing risk involved in operating with suspected faults
DGA only indicates suspected fault not conclusive in nature and further
complementary tests are required for validating & pinpointing
Gases evolve due to normal aging of oil & cellulose as well as due to
various faults
Actual phenomena of gas generation is very complex and host of factors
like type & design of equipment , load pattern , age , type of oil used ,
application etc affect gas generation
These gases partly dissolve in oil and also find way to free gas space
Ratio of dissolved and free gas depend on solubility of gas in oil in
equilibrium condition
Suspected fault is analyzed by monitoring gas in free space and / or
dissolved in oil
As name suggest in DGA the emphasis is on extracting & analyzing
dissolved gases and pattern of gas generation indicate type & severity of
fault

IEC METHOD Table 2 DGA interpretation table

Case

Characteristic fault

C2H2
C2H4

CH4
H2

C2H4
C2H6

PD

Partial discharge

NS

<0.1

<0.2

D1

Discharges of low energy

>1

0.1 0.5

>1

D2

Discharges of high energy

0.6 2.5

0.1 - 1

>2

T1

Thermal fault
T<3000C

NS

>1 but
NS

<1

T2

Thermal fault
3000C< t < 7000C

<0.1

>1

1 -4

T3

Thermal fault
t> 7000C

<0.2

>1

>4

NOTE 1- In some countries the ratio C2H2/C2H6 is used ,rather than the ratio CH4/H2. Also in some countries ,
slightly different ratio limits are used.
Note 2- The above ratios are significant and should be calculated only if at least one of the gases is at a
concentration and a rate of gas increase above typical values.( see clause 9
NOTE 3 CH4/H2 <0.2 for partial discharge in instrument transformers.
CH4/H2<0.07 for partial discharge in bushing.
NOTE 4 Gas decomposition patterns similar to partial discharge have been reported as a result of the
decomposition of thin oil film between overheated core laminates at temperature of 1400C and above.
NS = Non significant whatever the value.
An increasing value of the amount of c2h2 may indicate that the hot spot temperature is higher than 1000 0C.

Typical faults in power transformers

Type

Fault

PD

Partial Discharges

Discharges in gas filled cavities resulting from incomplete

impregnation, high humidity in paper , oil super saturation or
cavitation and leading to Wax formation

D1

Discharges of low energy

Sparking or arcing between bad connections of different or floating

potential , from schielding rins , toriods , adjacent discs or conductors
of winding , broken brazing or closed loops in the core.
Discharges between clamping parts, bushing and tank , high voltage
and ground within windings or tank walls
Tracking in wooden blocks , glue of insulating beam , winding
spacers. Breakdown of oil , selector breaking current.

D2

Discharge of high energy

Flashover ,tracking or arcing of high local energy or with power

follow through.
Short circuits between low voltages and ground , connectors ,
windings, bushings and tank , copper bus and tank , winding and
core , in oil duct , turret. Closed loops between two adjacent
conductors around the main magnetic flux insulated bolts of core ,
metal rings holding core legs.

T1

Thermal faults
T , 3000C

Overloading of transformers in emergency situations.

Blocked item restricting oil flow in winding.
Stray flux in daming beams of yokes.

Typical faults in power transformers

Type

Fault

T2

Thermal fault
3000C < t <
7000C

Defective contacts between bolted

connections ( Particularily between
aluminium bus bar) , gliding contacts ,
contacts with selector switch ( Pyrolitic
carbon formation), connection from cable
and draw-rod of bushings
Circulating currents between yoke clamps
and bolts , clamps and laminations , in
ground wiring , defective welds or clamps in
magnetic shields.
Abraded insulation between adjacent
parallel conductors in windings

T3

Thermal fault
T> 7000C

Large circulatin currents in tank and core

Minor currents in tank walls created by a
high uncompensated magnetic field.
Shorting links in core steel laminations

Ranges of 90 % typical values observed in power transformers of

Transformer sub type

H2

CO

CO2

CH4

C 2H 6

C2H4

C 2H 2

No OLTC

600-150

540-900

510013000

40-110

50-90

60-280

3-50

Communicating
OLTC

75-150

400-850

530012000

35-130

50-70

110-250

80-270

NOTE 1 The values listed in this table were obtained from individual networks. Values on other networks may differ.
NOTE 2 Communicating OLTC means that some oil oil and/ or gas communication is possible between the OLTC
compartment and the main tank or between the respective conservator. These gases may contaminate the oil in the main
tank and affect the normal values in these types of equipment. No OLTC refers to transformers not equipped with an
OLTC or equipped with an OLTC not communicating with or leaking to the main tank.
NOTE 3- In some countries, typical values as low as 0.5 l/l for C2H2 and 10 l/l for C2H4 have been reported.

Typical rate of gas increase for power transformers

Hhdrogen
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
Acetlyne
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Di oxide

<5
<2
<2
<2
<0.1
<50
<200

NOTE The values listed in this table were obtained from individual networks. Value on other networks
may differ. Values on other types of transformers , for instance sealed transformers , may also differ.

IEEE Method , Dissolved gas concentrations

Status

H2

CH4

C2H2

C2H4

C2H6

CO

CO2

TDCG

Conditio
n1

100

120

35

50

65

350

2500

720

Conditio
n2

101700

121100

36-50

51-100

66-100

351570

25004000

7211920

Conditio
n3

7011800

4011000

51-80

101200

101150

5711400

400110000

19214630

Conditio
n4

>180
0

>1000

>80

>200

>150

>1400

>1000
0

<4630

NOTES: (1) table 1 assumes that no previous tests on the transformer for dissolved
gas analysis have been made or that no recent history exists. If a previous analysis
exists , it should be reviewed to determine if the situation is stable or unstable. Refer
to table 2 and 3 for appropriate actions to be taken.
(2) An ASTM round robin indicated variability in gas analysis between labs. This
should be considered when having gas analysis between different labs.
The numbers shown in table are in parts of gas per million parts of oil(ppm)
volumetrically and are based on a large power transformer with several thousand
gallons of oil. With a smaller oil volume , The same volume of gas will give a higher
gas concentration. Small distribution transformers and voltage regulators may
contain cumbustible gases because of the operation of internal expulsion fuses or load
break switches. The status codes in table 1 are also not applicable to other apparatus
in which load break switches operate under oil.
** The TDCG value does not include CO2 which is not a cumbustible gas.

Conditio
n1

TDCG below this level indicates the transformer is operationg

satisfactorily. Any individual cumbustible gas exceeding specified
levels should be prompt additional investigation.

Conditio
n2

TDCG within this range indicate higher than normal cumbustible gas
level . Any individual cumbustible gas exceeding specified level
should prompt additional investigation.

Conditio
n3

TDCG within this range indicate a high level of decomposition. Any

individual cumbustible gas gas exceeding specified levels should
prompt additional investigation . Faults are probably present.

Conditio
n4

TDCG within this range indicates excessive decomposition.

Continued operation could result in failure of transformer.

Further action should be taken based on table 2

Actions based on TCG ( Total combustible gas in free space)

TCG levels

Condition 4

Condition 3

Condition 2

Condition 1

>=5

<5 to >=2

< 2 to >=0.5

<.5

TCG Rate
( %/day)

Sampling interval and operating procedures for gas generation rates

Sampling
Interval

Operating Procedures

>.03

Daily

.03 - .01

Daily

Consider removal from service

Advise manufacturer

<. 01

Weekly

Exercise extreme caution .

Analyze for individual gas.
Plan outage.
Advise manufacturer.

>.03

Weekly

.03 - .01

Weekly

< .01

Monthly

Exercise extreme caution.

Analyze for individual gases.
Plan outage.
Advise manufacturer.

>.03

Monthly

.03 - .01

Monthly

<.01

Quarterly

>.03

Monthly

Exercise
Analyse for individual gases.
Determine load dependence.

.03 - .01

Quarterly

Continue normal operation

<.01

Annual

Exercise caution.
Analyze for individual gases.
Determine load dependence.

Actions based on TDCG ( Total dissolved cumbustible gas in

transformer oil)
TDCG Levels
PPM

Condition 4

Condition 3

Condition 2

Condition 1

>4630

1921 - 1630

721 - 1920

<=720

TDCG
Rates
(ppm/day)

Sampling interval and operating procedures for gas generation

rates
Sampling
Interval

Operating procedure

>30

Daily

10 - 30

Daily

Consider removal from service

Advise manufacturer

< 10

Weekly

Exercise extreme caution.

Analyse for individual gases.
Plan outage
Advise manufacturer.

>30

Weekly

10 30

Weekly

<10

Monthly

Exercise extreme caution.

Analyse for individual gases.
Plan outage
Advise manufacturer

>30

Monthly

10-30

Monthly

<10

Quarterly

>30

Monthly

Exercise caution
Analyse for individual gases.
Determine load dependence

10 30

Quarterly

Continue normal operation.

<10

Annual

Exercise caution
Analyse for individual gases.
Determine load dependence.

Doernenburg method for fault interpretation , Based on

Ratio of key gases
Ratio R1
CH4/H2

Ratio R2
C2H2/C2H4

Ratio R3
C2H2/CH4

Ratio R4
C2H6/C2H2

Extracted from

Extracted from

Extracted from

Extracted from

Oil

Gas
space

Oil

Gas
space

Oil

Gas
space

Oil

1. Thermal
decomposition

>1.0

>1.0

<0.75

<1.0

<0.3

<0.1

>0.4

2. Corona
( Low intensity
PD)

<0.1

<. 0.01

Not significant

<0.3

<0.1

>0.4

>0.2

3. Arcing
( High intensity
PD)

>1.0
<1.0

>.01
<0.1

>0.75

>0.3

>0.1

<0.4

<0.2

>1.0

Gas
space

Rogerss method for fault interpretation

Based on ratios of key gases
Case

R2
C2H2/C2H4

R1
CH4/H2

R5
C2H4/C2H6

Suggested
fault diagnosis

<0.1

>0.1
<1.0

<1.0

Unit normal

<0.1

<0.1

<1.0

Low energy
density arcing
- PD

0.1 0 3.0

0.1 1.0

>3.0

Arcing high
energy
discharge

<0.1

>0.1
<1.0

1.0
3.0

Low
temperature
thermal

<0.1

>1.0

1.0 3.0

Thermal
<7000C

<0.1

>1.0

>3.0

Thermal
>7000C