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TRAUMA
MECHANISM OF INJURY
Kinetic
Thermal
Electrical
Chemical
Radiant
Asphyxiation
3
BLUNT
CRUSH
ACCELERATION/DECELERATION
PENETRATING
CRUSH INJURIES
Energy
concentrated in
one body area
Usually involves
nerves, muscle,
bone, and
tendons
9
10
ACCELERATION AND
DECELERATION FORCES
Whiplash injury
Aortic tear
Hepatic artery
tear
11
12
PENETRATING INJURIES
High velocity
Guns
Low velocity
Knives, pencils
13
BALLISTICS
Caliber
Tumble
Yaw
Fragmentation
Cavitation
Range
Weapon
14
ASSESSMENT OF THE
INJURED STUDENT
Initial assessment
Detailed assessment
Triage and transport
15
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
Airway/Cervical Spine
Control
Breathing
Circulation
Disability (neurological)
Expose
16
Identification of
LIFE-THREATENING
emergencies
Initiation of LIFE-SAVING
measures (CPR)
17
AIRWAY ASSESSMENT
Stridor
Debris in oropharynx
Airway obstruction
18
AIRWAY INTERVENTIONS
Jaw thrust
AVOID HYPEREXTENSION
OR FLEXION OF THE
NECK
Log roll to side for emesis
19
CERVICAL SPINE
STABILIZATION
20
BREATHING ASSESSMENT
Look, listen, and feel
Observe chest symmetry
Note work of breathing
Jugular vein distention
Tracheal deviation
21
BREATHING INTERVENTIONS
If breathing is absent, begin
mouth to mask ventilations
If breathing is shallow or
labored, maintain airway
control
22
CIRCULATORY ASSESSMENT
Level of consciousness
Carotid pulse (absent or present)
Capillary refill
Skin color
Skin temperature
Sites of bleeding
23
CIRCULATORY
INTERVENTIONS
24
NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Level of consciousness
AVPU scale
Awake
Verbal response
Pain response
Unresponsive
25
26
NEUROLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS
Provide reassurance
Tell student what is
happening
27
EXPOSE
Remove clothing to
observe the chest
Observe the chest for bruises,
penetrations, and symmetry
Auscultate breath sounds
Auscultate heart sounds
28
DETAILED ASSESSMENT
Fahrenheit (keep person warm)
Get vital signs
Head-to-toe assessment
Inspect the back
29
HEAD-TO-TOE
ASSESSMENT
Palpate the head and face
Observe for fluid from the nose
and ears
Assess for pupillary response
Reassess the mouth
Palpate the jaw
30
BATTLES SIGN
31
RACCOON EYES
32
NECK
CHEST
34
ABDOMEN
PELVIS
36
37
EXTREMITIES
40
HISTORY
SAMPLE
Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past history
Last meal
Events leading to the illness or
injury
41
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
TRIAGE DECISIONS
43
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
DOCUMENTATION
Prehospital providers
45
SELECTED TRAUMA
EMERGENCIES
Head injuries
Spinal cord injuries
Chest injuries
Abdominal injuries
Musculoskeletal injuries
Amputations
46
CONSIDERATIONS IN
PEDIATRIC HEAD TRAUMA
47
INTERVENTIONS IN
HEAD TRAUMA
Continuous monitoring of
neurological status
48
CONSIDERATIONS IN
SPINAL TRAUMA
50
INTERVENTIONS IN
SPINAL TRAUMA
51
CONSIDERATIONS IN
CHEST TRAUMA
52
INTERVENTIONS IN
CHEST TRAUMA
CONSIDERATIONS IN
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
INTERVENTIONS IN
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
CONSIDERATIONS IN
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Epiphyseal plate area is weaker
TRAUMA
INTERVENTIONS IN
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Apply sterile dressings to any open
TRAUMA
wounds
Stabilize fracture to prevent further
injury
Apply splint as appropriate
57
CONSIDERATIONS IN
AMPUTATIONS
Emergent
Requires EMS
Vasoconstriction may occur,
minimizing blood loss
It is critical to locate the
amputated part and prepare it
for transport with EMS
58
INTERVENTIONS IN
AMPUTATIONS
60
SPECIAL NEEDS
CHILDREN
Assess usual positioning,
LOC and ability to
communicate
Provide reassurance
Follow the same
sequence of
care (ABCs)
61
FOLLOW-UP AFTER
TRAUMA
Note changes in
students school routines
Update school health
record
Facilitate care plan
development
62
TRAUMA PREVENTION
Encourage safe
behaviors
Take legislative action
Note dangerous areas
in school
63
SUMMARY
Injuries are the leading cause of
death in school-aged children.
Appropriate assessment and
management of injured students is
one of your more important roles.
Track school injuries and use the
resulting data as part of your
injury prevention efforts.
64
ANY QUESTIONS??
65
PERTOLONGAN
PERTAMA
PATAH TULANG
LEPAS SENDI
CEDERA JARINGAN LUNAK
66
FUNGSI
TULANG
MENOPANG
TUBUH AGAR
DAPAT BERDIRI TEGAK
TEMPAT
BERSANDAR ATAU
BERGANTUNGNYA JARINGAN
TUBUH
67
FUNGSI
SENDI
TEMPAT
PERTEMUAN DUA
BUAH TULANG
MEMBANTU
MEMPERMUDAH
PERGERAKAN
68
KEMUNGKINAN
TERJADI
PATAH
TULANG (FRAKTUR)
LEPAS
SENDI (DISLOKASI)
CEDERA
JARINGAN LUNAK
69
FRAKTUR
TERPUTUSNYA KONTINUITAS
ATAU KELANGSUNGAN
PERMUKAAN TULANG
70
YANG SERING
PATAH
TULANG
- TULANG
PANJANG
SEMUA
TULANG BISA
PATAH
71
TULANG2
PANJANG
TULANG
SELANGKA
TULANG LENGAN ATAS
TULANG LENGAN BAWAH
TULANG PAHA
TULANG BETIS
TULANG LEHER /
BELAKANG
72
JENIS
PATAH TULANG
PATAH
TULANG TERBUKA
PATAH TULANG TERTUTUP
PATAH TULANG SEDERHANA
PATAH TULANG KOMPLIKATA
PATAH TULANG GREENSTIK
73
PATAH TULANG
TERBUKA
TULANG
ATAU FRAGMEN
TULANG MENEMBUS
JARINGAN KULIT LUAR
74
BAHAYA PATAH
TULANG TERBUKA
TERJADI
INFEKSI JARINGAN
(OTOT,KULIT)
TERJADI
INFEKSI TULANG
(OSTEOMYLITIES)
75
PATAH TULANG
TERTUTUP
JARINGAN
KULIT
DISEKITAR TULANG YANG
PATAH TETAP UTUH
TULANG TIDAK TAMPAK
DARILUAR / TIDAK
MENEMBUS
76
FRAKTUR
SEDERHANA
PATAHAN ATAU
RETAKAN
TULANG MASIH
PADA
TEMPATNYA
77
FRAKTUR
KOMPLIKATA
TULANG
YANG
PATAH
MENJADI
BEBERAPA
BAGIAN
78
FRAKTUR
GREENSTIK
PATAHNYA
TULANG YANG
MASIH MUDA DAN
BELUM MATANG
ANAK - ANAK
79
FRAKTUR AKIBAT
TEKANAN TIDAK
LANGSUNG
TEKANAN TAK
LANGSUNG
YANG TERJADI
KETIKA
MENAHAN
JATUH DENGAN
TANGAN
15
80
HAL YANG
DITAKUTKAN DARI
PATAH TULANG
NEUROGENIC
SHOCK (SHOCK
KARENA TERLALU SAKIT)
HYPOVOLEMIC
SHOCK
(SHOCK KARENA KEHABISAN
DARAH)
81
BENTUK
SUKAR DIGERAKKAN
GANGGUAN FUNGSI
BENGKAK
NYERI TEKAN SUMBU
KREPITASI
TULANG / SENDI KELUAR
82
PENATALAKSANAAN
JANGAN
PANIK
ATASI:
D
R
A
B
C
= DANGER BAHAYA
= RESPONSE REAKSI
= AIR WAY JALAN NAPAS
= BREATHING BERNAPAS
= CIRCULATION PEREDARAN DARAH
18
83
KURANGI
ATASI
PERGERAKAN
LUKA/PERDARAHAN
IMOBILISASI/BALUT/SPALK
KIRIM
KE CLINIC/RUMAH
SAKIT
84
IMOBILISASI
2
85
PERALATAN
SPALK
/ SPLINT / BIDAI
KASA, ANTI SEPTIC
VERBAN ELASTIC / KAIN
SEGI TIGA
ALAT ANGKUT
APA SAJA DAPAT
DIPAKAI
86
TINDAKAN PADA
FRAKTUR
87
FRAKTUR KAKI
BAGIAN ATAS
88
FRAKTUR KAKI
BAGIAN BAWAH
89
FRAKTUR
LENGAN BAWAH
90
FRAKTUR
LENGAN ATAS
91
FRAKTUR DI
SEKITAR SIKU
92
FRAKTUR TULANG
SELANGKA
93
FRAKTUR
TENGKORAK
TIMBUNAN DARAH
KESADARAN MENURUN
TIDAK SADAR
MENILAI
TINGKAT REAKSI
A ALERT
WASPADA
V VOICE
RESPON TERHADAP SUARA
P PAIN
RESPON TERHADAP NYERI
U UNRESPONSIVE
TIDAK MEMBERI RESPON
95
MENILAI
TINGKAT REAKSI
MATA
TERBUKA SPONTAN?
TERBUKA BILA
DIEPERINTAH?
TERBUKA BILA RASA NYERI
TIDAK ADA REAKSI
96
BICARA
NORMAL
BINGUNG
KACAU
SUKAR DIMENGERTI
TIDAK BEREAKSI
GERAKAN
MEMATUHI PERINTAH
PERTOLONGAN
ATASI:
DR A B C
MEMERIKSA ULANG TINGKAT
REAKSI
LAKUKAN SECONDARY
SURVEY
98
LEPAS SENDI
/DISLOKASI
AKIBAT
TEKANAN
YANG
MEMUTAR
99
DISLOKASI
BAHU
100
CEDERANYA
JARINGAN LUNAK
GERAKAN YANG
KUAT
ATAU TIBA - TIBA
101
PENATALAKSANAAN
REST
ICE
ISTIRAHATKAN
KOMPRES
COMPRESS
ELEVATE
TEKAN
TINGGIKAN
102
REST
ISTIRAHATKAN
ICE
KOMPRES
103
COMPRESS
TEKAN
ELEVATE
TINGGIKAN
104
SISTEM
SIRKULASI
SISTEM
SARAF
TULANG
BELULANG
105
TERIMA KASIH
ATAS
PERHATIANNYA
106