Chapter one

1.1 UNDERSTANDING WAVES

Understanding waves

Where did you see it?

Did you ever go the beach before?
What can you conclude from this slide show?

1.1 UNDERSTANDING WAVES

Wavesaround
aroundus
us
Waves

Whatisisaawaves?
waves?
What
waves

Sourceof
ofwaves
waves
Source

Typesof
ofwaves
waves
Types

Wavesaround
aroundus
us
Waves

Water
Waterwaves
waves

Light
Lightwaves
waves

- -Are
Arefamiliar
familiarsight
sightwhen
whenwe
we
take
a
stroll
on
a
beach
take a stroll on a beach
- -Are
Arejust
justone
oneof
ofthe
theseveral
several
kinds
of
wave
motion
kinds of wave motionaround
around
us
us

- -From
Fromthe
thesun
sun

Sounds
Soundswaves
waves
- -From
Fromthe
theradio
radio
wave
wave

Electromagnetic
Electromagneticwaves
waves
- -Such
Suchus
usgamma
gamma
rays,
X-rays
rays, X-rays
and
andmicrowave
microwave

waves

Whatis
isaawaves
waves??
What

wave is
isaa mean
meanof
of energy
energy
AAwave
transfer through
throughvibration
vibration
transfer

Examples

whenwe
wedrop
dropaapebble
pebbleinto
intoaa
when
pondof
ofstill
stillwater,
water,we
wecan
can
pond
seeaafew
fewcircular
circularripples
ripples
see
waveoutward
outwardon
onthe
thesurface
surface
wave
ofthe
thewater.
water.
of

waves

Sourceof
ofwaves
waves
Source

Thesource
sourceof
ofany
anywaves
waves
The
isvibration
vibration
is
or
or
oscillation.
oscillation.

Animation

Howtotoimagine
imaginewave
waveininour
ourmind?
mind?
How

waves

Retort stand
lamp
Spherical dipper
for circular waves

Glass-bottomed
tray

Straight dipper
For plane waves
White screen

Typesofofwaves
waves
Types

Transversewaves
waves
Transverse

Animation
Animation

Longitudinalwaves
waves
Longitudinal

Animation
Animation

Typesofofwaves
waves
Types

Theparticles
particlesof
ofthe
themedium
mediumvibrate
vibrate
The
perpendicularto
tothe
thedirection
directionof
ofpropagation
propagation
perpendicular
ofthe
thewave
wave
of

Transversewaves
waves
Transverse
Waterwaves
waves
Water
Lightwaves
waves
Light
Electromagneticwaves
waves
Electromagnetic

Particle moving downwards

Particle moving upwards

Direction of propagation of wave

Typesofofwaves
waves
Types

Theparticles
particlesof
ofthe
themedium
mediumvibrate
vibrate
The
parallelto
tothe
thedirection
directionof
ofpropagation
propagation
parallel
ofthe
thewave
wave
of

Longitudinalwaves
waves
Longitudinal

Soundwaves
waves
Sound

waves

Sound Wave

R Rarefaction
C - compression

How to imagine wave in our

mind?
Imagine that you have to move a pile of bricks over
a distance of ten metres and you have ten persons
to help you. You can ask your ten helpers to stand
in line. Each a metre away from the other. The
bricks can be transferred piece by piece across
the distance of ten metres simply by passing them
from one helper to another. What will actually
move are the bricks?
Each helper remains in his place. The only movement
each helper makes is to pass the bricks to the
next helper. The movement of the bricks from one
helper to another constitutes a wave, with the
helper as a medium.
waves

Summary
Waves can produce from vibration or oscillation.
There are two types of waves, namely transverse and
longitudinal waves

The differences between transverse waves and

longitudinal waves are their meaning
and some of their examples

FREQUENCY,

Frequency is the number of oscillation

in one second.
SI unit for frequency is Hertz (Hz) or s
= 1 oscillation = 1 Hz
1 second

Exercise 1
Calculate the frequency if the complete
oscillation is 100 in the 1 minutes.
Solution

Given : 100 oscillation in 1 minutes

Frequency, =

The number of oscillation

Period
= 100
60 second
= 1.67 Hz = 1.67 s

Relationship between the period,T

and the frequency,
Frekuensi, = 1
T
inversely proportional with T
period, T = 1

T inversely proportional with

Exercise 2

Speed, v

1. What is the relationship between

the frequency, and speed, v ?

2. What is the relationship between

the frequency, and wavelength, ?

Transmission of energy in waves

A wave is a phenomenon of energy
transport. It transports energy from
one place to the other without the
transferring of matter

Free oscillation

No energy loss for free oscillation which

occurs in vacuum
The amplitude of oscillation is always constant

Damping effects of an oscillating

system
An oscillating system eventually stops oscillating
due to a damping effect when the oscillating
system loses its energy to the surroundings.

How to maintain the

oscillation ?

In order to maintain the oscillation, an

energy is needed to supply to the
oscillating system to compensate for
the energy loss

Resonance
Resonance occurs when the force frequency
of external agents equals the natural
frequency of the oscillating system
Examples

1.2 REFLACTION OF WAVES

Hard
surface

string

Plane reflector
Incident waves
Direction of
propagation

r
Reflection
waves

normal

Direction of
propagation

lane reflector
HukumP
pantulan
gelombang
normal
Incident
waves

Reflection
waves

a.

b.

c.

d.

a.

b.

c.

d.

1.3 REFEACTION OF WAVES

a). Water waves

Medium

Notes

Deep
Region

Shallow
Region

Shallow
Region

Deep
Region

Waves are
refracted to wards
the normal
Waves are
refracted away
from the normals

Deeper
region

Shallower region

a) Wavelength of deeper region greeter than

wavelength shallower region
b) V d > Vs
c) F d = Fs

b). Light waves

Medium
Less dense medium
Denser medium

Notes
Waves are
refracted to wards
the normal

Denser medium
Less dense medium

Waves are
refracted away
from the normal

a) Wavelength in less dense medium is greeter than

wavelength in denser medium

b) V ld

> Vd

c) F ld = Fd

a). Sound
waves

Medium
Less dense medium
Denser medium

Notes
Waves are
refracted to wards
the normal

Denser medium
Less dense medium

Waves are
refracted away
from the normal

1.4 DIFFRACTION OF
WAVES

INTRODUCTION

Do you know what happened if the water strike any obstacle

or go through a slit?

Did you ever see this phenomenon before?

SITUATIONS FOR
DIFFRACTION
When the waves hits an obstacle
When the waves passes through a slit

Different patterns

Smaller slit
Larger slit
Rectangular Block
Circular block
Worksheet 1

Small slit

Incident waves

Larger slit

Incident waves

Rectangular block

Incident waves

Circular block

Incident waves

Checking your answer..

Diffraction of waves going through small slit

Checking your answer..

Diffraction of waves going through larger slit

Checking your answer..

Checking your answer..

AMPLITUDE INCIDENT WAVE

DIFFRACTED WAVE

Extra information..

Circular waves hit a rectangular block

Extra information

Circular waves passes through a slit

Extra information

Circular waves passes through 2 circular blocks

Retort stand
Spherical dipper
for circular waves

lamp

Glass-bottomed
tray

Straight dipper
For plane waves
White screen

Retort stand
lamp
Spherical dipper
for circular waves

Glass-bottomed
tray

Straight dipper
For plane waves
White screen

EVALUATION
Answer this question:

Describe diffraction of waves in terms of the wave length,

frequency, speed, direction of propagation and shape of
waves.

Concept map

DIFFRACTION OF WAVES
In terms of

Wavelength

same

frequency

speed

same

same

Shapes
Direction of Propagation

Depends on shape of obstacle & Change according

The size of slit
to the shape of
Obstacle & size of slit

Topic: Wave
Interference

Interference
1. Constructive Interference
Anti-nodes
2. Destructive interference
nodes

Interferenceis the phenomenon which occurs

when two waves meet while traveling along
the same medium. The interference of
waves causes the medium to take on a
shape which results from the net effect of the
two individual waves upon the particles of
the medium.

We consider two pulses of the same

amplitude traveling in different directions
along the same medium. Let's suppose
that each crest has an amplitude of +1
unit , the resulting shape of the medium
would be a sine crest with an amplitude
of +2 units

This type of interference is sometimes called

constructive interference. Constructive
interference is a type of interference which
occurs at any location along the medium
where the two interfering waves have a
displacement in the same direction.

locations along the medium where

constructive interference continually occurs
are known as anti-nodes

 Destructive interference is a type of

interference which occurs at any location
along the medium where the two interfering
waves have a displacement in the opposite
direction. For instance, when a sine crest
with an amplitude of +1 unit meets a sine
trough with an amplitude of -1 unit,
destructive interference occurs.

Destructive interference

locations along the medium

where destructive interference
continually occurs are known
as nodes.

The task of determining the shape of the

resultant demands that the principle of
superposition is applied. The principle of
superposition is sometimes stated as
follows:
When two waves interfere, the resulting
displacement of the medium at any location
is the algebraic sum of the displacements of
the individual waves at that same location.

summary

Constructive
interference

Destructive
interference

Destructive interference is a type of

interference which occurs at any
location along the medium where the
two interfering waves have a
displacement in the opposite
direction.
A. YES
B. NO

locations along the medium

where destructive interference
continually occurs are known
as
A.nodes.
B anti-node
C reflection

CONGRATULATION!!!!.......YOU
ARE GREAT.