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INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS
RESOURCE SPEAKER
Tired of his
girls
naughtiness,
the father
think of the
way to keep
the child
busy.
Let us join hands to make this world a better place to live in.
One way of giving our share for the future of the world is
through the Conduct of Science Investigatory Projects
Science
Investigatory
Project
-an investigation about a
-a problem-solving process
using
the scientific method
RESEARCH PROBLEM
curiosity
necessity
time
theoretical
exploratory
funds
facilities
consulting, interviewing
or observing people
visiting facilities
and places
reading materials
observing things
The conduct of a
research involves
actual work and you
must like the task
accompanying the
study.
A science investigatory
project is a study which
you carry out
independently through
your own initiative.
Hence, you must be well
motivated to involve
yourself in this activity.
beetle
piece of wood
CHOOSING A TOPIC
Your interest counts a lot in selecting
what kind of investigation you would like
to carry out.
But its not just your interest that
counts! The topic you will work on must
also be fitted to your abilities, level of
knowledge and experience.
The skills you have play a major role in
determining what kind of study you will
undertake. You cannot perform the
necessary experiments if you do not
know how to handle the required
laboratory materials.
FAIR DIVISION
FAIR 2
APPLIED SCIENCES
FIELD OF STUDY
PHYSICS
TOPIC
COOKING
SCIENCE MAGAZINES
SCIENCE LAB MANUALS
SCIENCE FAIR YEARBOOKS
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
SCIENCE ENCYCLOPEDIAS
BOOKS
MUSEUMS
ZOOS
SCIENCE CENTERS
UNIVERSITIES
HOSPITALS
POLICE DEPARTMENTS
LIBRARY
RESEARCH
INSTITUTION
SCHOOL
COMMUNITY
PARKS
HOME
RIVER
INTERNET
LIBRARIANS
TEACHERS
VETERINARIANS
NURSES
DOCTORS
POLICE
FRIENDS
FAMILY
SCIENTISTS/EXPERTS
COMMUNITY/
SCHOOL OFFICIALS
OTHER PROFESSIONALS
SOIL
WATER
AIR
PLANTS
ANIMALS
SUMMARIZING GATHERED
INFORMATION
An insulator is
a material
that forms a
tough
resistance
barrier to trap
heat and keep
it inside a
container
where it
belongs. Thus
an insulator in
a stove
minimizes
heat loss.
It is
convincing
that without
insulators,
the stoves in
this barangay
are wasting a
lot of energy
because they
allow the
energy
escape of
heat. But
which
insulator is
best to use to
lessen loss of
heat in stoves
made of tin
cans?
Here
is
where
investigation comes
in. It was thought
that if the used
empty tin can stove
will be equipped with
an insulator, it will be
able to accomplish
cooking in the least
period of time and
with
the
least
expense of firewood.
thoroughness
innovation
creative ability
purpose
clarity
good data
skill
safety
A Comparative
Study of Stoves that
Use Different Kinds
of Insulators
Improving the
statement of the
problem we could
have:
A research
problem is
composed of a
major problem
and minor
problem. The
major problem
is stated in
declarative
form as shown
earlier.
The minor
problem can
be stated in
question form
or in
declarative
form:
Question Form:
What is the effect of
different insulators
in stoves made of
tin cans in terms of
the amount of saved
time and fuel?
Declarative Form:
Compare the effect
of different
insulators in stoves
made of tin cans in
terms of the amount
of saved time and
fuel.
Stating a
Problem
The statement of
the problem is
characterized by
the following:
clarity
organization
specificity
well-defined
scope
conciseness
measurable
A hypothesis in null
form states that there
is
no
significant
difference
between
the results of two
conditions
being
stated.
There is no significant
difference between
the effects of the use
of the different kinds
of insulators in stoves
in terms of amount of
time in cooking.
A hypothesis in
alternative form
states that there is
a significant
difference
between the
results of the two
conditions being
tested.
There is a significant
difference between the
effects of the use of
the different kinds of
insulators in stoves in
terms of amount of
time in cooking.
If there is a difference
between the effects of the
use of the different kinds of
insulators in stoves, the
cooking will differ
significantly in terms of
amount of time in cooking.
NULL
ALTERNATIVE
CAUSE AND
EFFECT
There is no
significant
difference
between the
effects of the
use of the
different kinds
of insulators in
stoves in terms
of:
1. amount of
time in cooking
2. amount of fuel
used in cooking
There is a
significant
difference
between the
effects of the
use of the
different kinds
of insulators in
stoves in terms
of:
1. amount of
time in cooking
2. amount of
fuel used in
cooking
If there is a
difference
between the
effects of the
use of the
different kinds
of insulators in
stoves, the
cooking will
differ
significantly in
terms of:
1. amount of
time in cooking
2. amount of
fuel used in
cooking
I. CURIOSITY
Are the members of the group
interested in the problem area, specific
problems and potential solutions? Does it
relate to their background? Will they learn
useful skills in pursuing it?
II. NECESSITY
Will the solution to the problem improve
the life of human beings? Are scientists likely
to be interested in the results? Will science
practices be changed by the outcome?
III. EXPLORATORY
Is the problem of sufficient magnitude
and scope to fulfill the requirement that has
motivated the study in the first place? Are
there enough variables? Enough potential
results? Enough to write about?
V. WORKABILITY
Is the contemplated study within the
limit and range of the groups resource and
time constraints? Will they have access to
the necessary sample and equipment
required? Is there a reason to believe that
the group will come up with an answer to the
problem? Is the required methodology
manageable and understandable?
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
RESEARCH DESIGN
Methodology
Materials and Facilities
Funds
Timetable
TREATMENT
Experimental Units may
be subjected to
different treatments
according to objectives.
Any procedure, the
result of which can be
evaluated or measured,
constitute a treatment.
EXPERIMENTAL
UNIT: Stoves
made of tin cans
TREATMENT:
Different kinds of
insulators clay,
cement, river sand,
salt
MATERIALS/
EQUIPMENT:
The exact
technical
specifications,
qualities and
source of method
for all materials
to be used should
be given.
Specifically built
equipment to be
used in the study
must be described
and description
could be
accompanied by a
picture.
MATERIALS
NEEDED:
empty tin cans
plain G. I. sheet or
unfolded tin cans
clay
cement
river sand
salt
acasia wood chips
CONSTRUCTION OF
STOVES:
Draw the pattern of
the stoves and show the
different parts. Cut the
materials according to the
shape of the pattern.
Assemble the inside parts (if
welding is not available,
hammering and soldering will
also do). Construct five
stoves. Fill the sides of the
stoves except stove 1 (with
no insulators).
Stove 1 no insulator
Stove 2 clay insulator
Stove 3 cement
insulator
Stove 4 sand insulator
Stove 5 salt insulator
Empty
opening
tin
can
Insulator (Thick
enough to
control the loss
of heat)
Insulator holder
(Plain G. I. sheet
or unfolded tin
can or smaller
can)
Opening (Big
enough to
start burning
of fuel)
SCIENCE RESEARCH
-Basic
-Applied
DESCRIPTIVE
METHOD
It is a careful study,
observation and detailed
description of living and
non-living things and
phenomena
as
they
occur in nature. It may
also include studies that
make comparison and
evaluation of science
concepts, techniques or
procedures.
EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD
The most scientific
and most powerful
since it allows control
over relevant variable.
It has become the
best way to conduct
research in the most
productive manner.
Experimental Method is
usually utilized for
Science Investigatory
Projects.
TREATMENT/ GENERAL
PROCEDURE
The manner and sequence
by which each experiment
or set of observations will
be
done
and
how
measurements
will
be
obtained
should
be
described in detail. Avoid
using the recipe style
when stating step-by-step
procedure.
Use
the
narrative form.
ASSUMPTIONS
In most researches there
are always factors that are
beyond the control of the
researcher. To simplify the
experiment and enable
researcher to come up with a
valid generalization, you may
assume certain things to be
only approximately true. Such
things are called assumptions.
EXPERIMENTAL
ERRORS
Measurements
obtained
from
experimental vary
and,
even
if
experimental units
are treated alike,
they
may
still
produce different
results. These are
known
as
experimental
errors.
SOURCES OF
ERRORS
The measuring
instrument itself.
-You might use a
weighing scale
that is not
sensitive enough
to detail very
sound changes in
weight.
Very few, or limited
samples or limited
number of trials (or
repetitions)
Wrong research
design.
REPLICATIONS
To reduce if not eliminate
experimental errors replications of
experimental procedures should be
done. Computed averages can be
reduced if not totally avoid such errors
and mean values can further be
subjected to statistical analysis.
FINANCIAL OUTLAY
A large portion of operating expenses would be for the acquisition of the
materials to be used. A good estimate of these expenses can be made if the
methods and procedures to be adopted are known in detail at the start of the
project. A detailed listing of the materials to be purchased can lead to some
savings, both in terms of delivery or shipment costs and in time lag for delivery.
The project cost will be made low if the needed materials and facilities are
available in the school laboratory. However, in order to sustain its budget, the
school usually made policies as to which and how much materials should be made
available at no cost for the student projects. Unless the school has allocated
some amount in its budget for support of student investigatory projects
(especially for science fairs), it cannot be expected to give away materials for
free to the students.
Usually, the school will allow the free use of its physical facilities by students
conducting investigatory projects. Some schools even plan out their facilities to
enable the students to carry our projects using some advanced instruments.
Other schools establish linkage program with a more endowed institution to
ensure more access by their students to some equipment.
If the project involves the use of a facility that is not available in their school,
it is often solved by seeking the help of more-endowed institutions, particularly
university, government or industrials laboratories.
STEPS
Make sure you understand what you need to do for the science investigatory project. Ask your teacher if
you are not certain about any aspect.
Use books, encyclopedias, scientific journals and magazines at the library. You can also do a search on
the internet on your topic of interest. Keep bibliographic notes on the books and articles where you get
your ideas.
Visit university departments, science centers, hospitals, museums, zoos, etc., to get ideas. You may also
conduct interviews and surveys.
With your project idea firmly in mind, write the purpose, question, hypothesis, materials needed, and
procedures.
Show your written materials to your science teacher and discuss your project for approval.
Get your science teachers approval for your project. Then gather necessary equipment and start your
project.
Find a mentor, or seek advice and help from professionals to refine your project: doctors, nurses,
researchers, librarians, veterinarians, etc.
Analyze your data by drawing conclusion based on the data. Organize the results of your experiments in
chart or graph form.
Write your research paper. Include a title page, table of contents, abstract, purpose of your experiment,
results, discussion, conclusion and bibliography.
Design a mock-up of your display board. Ask a few friends and family members to critique your display
and adjust accordingly.
Construct your exhibit. Build a backdrop to mount graphs, charts, illustrations, photographs, signs and
summary charts.
Prepare for judges interview by asking your teacher or mentor to ask you questions about your research.
10
TARGET
DATE
DONE
(/)
MAKING A TIMETABLE
A TYPICAL GANNT CHART FOR A PROJECT
WEEK
Identification of Topic/
problem
Literature Search
Experiment Design
Purchase of Materials
Preparation of Set-up
10
11
12
ACTIVITIES
1.Identification of
the problem
1.Literature Search
1.Planning the
experiment
4. Setting of
experimental design
10
11
12
6. Construction of
stoves
9. Analysis of results
8. Data gathering
and recording
5. Procurement of
supplies and
materials
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
(Before you do your investigation)
TECHNICAL REPORT
(After you have done your
investigation)
Tense, voice
Relating the
proce
dure
Materials
Materials should be mentioned as the researcher relates what he did with them.
Materials should not be enumerated in a list.
Sample: The insulators used for the stoves were clay, cement, river sand and salt.
Researcher
Referred
third person
Numbers
rationaleofthestudyandexplainsbrieflywhytheinvestigatorchosethis
studytoworkon.
presentedforreaders.Onlythemostimportantstudiesandtheories
writtenonthetopicshouldbeincluded.
VI. Methodologyprovidesenoughdetailssothatitcouldbefollowedduringthe
experiment.Carefulwritingiscriticallyimportantbecausetheprocedures
mustbe ofscientificmeritandmustbeproductive.
What is Research?
Scientific Method
Language & Style
Phases of Conducting an Investigatory
Project
Time table
Ethics Statement
Research is
-searching for theory,
testing a theory or
solving a problem
-systematic because it
follows certain steps or
stages
79
Scientific Method
identification of the problem
relating this problem with
theories
collection of data
analysis and interpretation
drawing conclusions
integration of conclusions into
the stream of knowledge
7.Descriptionofmethodologyshould
beinthePAST(except in the
proposal).Regardingnumbers
thatbeginasentence,these
numbersshouldalwaysbe
writtenaswords.Inthemiddle
ofsentencesnumbersunder10
shouldbespelledoutas
wordsbut10aboveshouldbe
writtenasnumber.
Phases of Conducting
an
Investigatory
Project
PHASE I : THE
PROPOSAL (20
points)
07/17/15
86
TARGE
T DATE
TEACHE
RS
DEADLIN
E
June 20
2. Submission of Chapter 1
July 3
3. Submission of Chapter 2
July 17
4. Submission of Chapter 3
July 27
5. Investigation Period
6. Submission of Chapter 4
ASAP
August
11
August 29
Ethics Statement
Scientific fraud and
misconduct are not condoned at
any level of research or
competition. Plagiarism, use or
presentation of other
researcher's work as one's own
forgery of approval signature
and fabrication or falsification of
data will not be tolerated.
Fraudulent projects will fail to
qualify for the competition.
CHAPTER V- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER VI-RECOMMENDATION
Bibliography
Title
-it is patterned from the question,
however it must
contain only the essential words
-title of the project must be brief,
simple and catchy.
It must contain the following information:
Name of the school (including address)
Title of the Investigatory Project
(UPPER CASE, bold, centered)
Names of the researcher
(alphabetically arranged, last
name, first name, middle initial)
Grade and Section
Date of Submission
Name of the teacher
Abstract
Acknowledgement
-contains the names of
people & agencies that
helped in the conduct of
the work described.
Table of Contents
-lists the different parts of the
whole report with the
corresponding page number
of each part. The
wording & grammar of the
chapter titles, heading
& title of tables & figures
should be consistent.
Introduction
-informs the reader of the
problem under study. It
shows the nature of scope
and the problem, its
historical & theoretical
background & a review of
literature relevant to the
problem.
Background of the
Study
-states the rationale of the study.
It
explains briefly why the
investigator chose this
study
to work on.
Statement of the
Problem
-it is stated as a question/scientific
inquiry
-the nature & scope of the problem
should be presented
with clarity
101
Hypothesis-tentative
explanation
3 Types
Null
Alternative
If and Then (to be used in our
IP)
Significance of the
Study
-the importance of the study is
explained in this part
Scope and
Limitation
-states the coverage & extent
of the study.
Definition of Terms
2 Types
Conceptual-definitions
which are indicated in
dictionaries
Operational-definitions
based on how the words
were used in the study (to
be used in our IP)
CHAPTER II-Review
of Related Literature
-sufficient background
information should be
presented for readers to
understand & evaluate the
results of the present study.
Only the most important
studies and theories written on
the topic should be included.
This contains findings of
other studies or
investigations similar as
yours.
CHAPTER IIIMethodology
-provides enough details so
that a competent worker can
repeat the experiments.
07/17/15
108
Materials/Equipment
-theexacttechnicalspecifications,
quantitiesandsourceof
methodofpreparationforall
materialsusedshouldbe
given.Specificallybuilt
equipmentusedinthestudymust
bedescribedandthedescription
accompaniedbya
picture.
What are the things you need in
solving your problem?
Procedures
-explainindetailsthethingsyoudidto
solvethe
problem.Theproposalprocedureis
yourguidein
makingthisportion.
What are the orderly steps you are
going to do to
solve your problem?
How are you going to present the
data that you will
gather? Will it be through graphs or
tables?
CHAPTER IV-Results
and Discussion
-this maybe divided into subsections describing each
set of experiment or
observations.
Findings-thedatamaybe
presentedinfull&discussed
descriptivelyinthetextor
thesemaybesummarized
intables,pictures&graphs.
Tables,pictures&graphs
shouldmakethepresentation
ofthedatamore
meaningful.
Analysis of Data-theinterpretation
ofthefindingsare
discussed&thesignificantfeatures
showninthetable
figuresorgraphsarepointedout.
This shows the data you have
gathered arranged or presented in
tables or graphs. The data must
already speak of the whole thing
(general). You must discuss
too the results. What do those data
mean?
CHAPTER VConclusions
-the general truth implied or
illustrated by the results
should be clearly stated. The
evidence based on the
results should be summarized for
each statement
-this briefly states the immediate
answer/findings about
the problem
This briefly states the immediate
answer/findings
about the problem.
CHAPTER VIRecommendations
-consists of suggestions on future
actions such as a
new direction of research or
further experiments to be
performed, practices that might
be adapted or discarded in order
to attain certain goals or
objectives
If others would be doing your
project, what would you
advise them?
Guidelines in Preparing
Bibliographies
1.Separate these 3 parts (and any
additional items of information)
with periods followed by two
spaces.
2.Give the authors last name first.
A
second or third author or the
name of an
editor
3.After the author is listed in normal
order. For more than 3
authors,
list only the
first,
followed by
et al.
4.Always include the authors
name,
complete title of the
book and the complete
publication
information.
References
:
http://www.geocities.com/egf94/2ndlongtest/ip.html
http://www.freesciencefairproject.com/requirements.htm
http://www.dost.gov.ph
Research Methods (Revised Edition)by Consuelo Sevilla et.
al.
Rex Publishing House
Let us look
into details
wise;
Risk
safe;
Dream
practical; and
Expect