GFPP2333

Rise of Deng Xiaoping, the

immortal

Deng Xiaoping overcame three downfall

in his life
During the war against Kuomintang

Twice during the Cultural revolution

Mao Zedong (1976) Hoa Guofeng
Deng Xiaoping support Hoa Guofeng
1978: Chairman of Chinese Peoples
political consultative conference

Chinas Economic
Reform
( )
Application of
Chinas Economic Reform
Market economy
was initiated by Deng
1977 1992
Xiaoping:
Four Modernizations
reform of Chinas domestic
Socialist Market
system
economy 1992 Re-establish diplomatic
and economic relationship
with other countries
open up China for market

Four Modernizations

Original idea as introduced by Zhou Enlai in 1974

Modernization in 4 fields: Industry, Agriculture, National defense,

Science and technology
The 1st step: establishment of complete industrial system and national

economic system (15 years, until 1980)

The 2nd step: modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense

and science and technology (by the end of the 20 th C.)

1977: Deng Xiaoping began to reorganize Peoples revolution army

after the cultural revolution

1977: Den Xiaoping began to restore education system, and re-

started national examination for universities

It is a goal of Deng Xiaopings reform

the place and the people that have condition to become rich go

ahead and become rich, the rest will become wealthy later

PRC and USA

Re-establishing relationship
between China and USA
Worsening relationship between
China and USSR
Cross fire incident over
territories
US Worsening situation in the
Vietnam war
1971: Secret visit of the secretary
of state, H. Kissinger
17-hour meeting with Zhou Enlai
1972: Richard Nixon visited PRC
Normalization: Normalization of
two countries will be the benefit
of the world.

PRC and Japan

1972: Japan and China had agreed for

normalization of their diplomatic
relationship.
China abandoned rights of war reparation
Japan recognized that Taiwan is Chinas

inseparable integrated territory One China

Policy
Territorial dispute ( leave on the
side

Inspiration from visiting

Japan

1978: Deng Xiaoping came to

Japan for signing of Treaty of
Peace and Friendship between
Japan and the Peoples Republic of
China
Meeting with Japanese emperor
and prime minister
Visited various areas of Japan,
including Shin Nittetsu iron foundry,
Tokai Bullet train, Toyota car factory,
Nissan car factory, Matsushita
electric appliance factory
Negation: Imperial Japan =
backward country

Inspiration from visiting

USA
1979: Establishment of
Diplomatic relationship
between PRC and USA
Deng Xiaoping visited
USA
Meeting with the
President Jimmy Carter
Visited industrial areas
of Huston, Seattle, and
Atlanta, and visited
rocket industry, airplane
industry, car industry
and communication
industry

Application of Market
At the urban area
Open Door policy
At the country side:
economy 1977 Establishment
1992 of Special

Household
responsibility system
Dissolving peoples

commune (

Self- management of
production: Each
farmer has
responsible for
production
Aim to increase

production

Economic Zone along the coastal

area
1992, open up border cities, and
opened all the capital cities of
inland provinces and autonomous
for economic development
Addition to the Special Economic
zone, Economic and technological
development zones, and high-tech
industrial development zone were
established

Special Economic zone

Economic & technological development
zones

Chinese government encouraged foreign

business to invest and to establish
business in these zones
Bring in row materials manufacture in
China products are exported to foreign
market (other than China)
For foreign companies
Low labor cost
Low energy cost

For China
employment
foreign currency

Three steps to develop

Chinas economy (1987)

The 1st step attained in 1980s

double the 1980 GNP
Ensure people have enough to eat and to
wear
The 2nd step achieved in 1995
quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the
20th century
The 3rd step
increase per capita GNP to the level of the
medium-developed countries by 2050

Democratic movement and

establishment of Deng Xiaoping
regime

Economic reform produced people demanding

democracy
Deng Xiaoping utilized the climate to chase
away Hoa Guofeng from the power.
Hoa Guofeng kept Mao Zedong ideology
An article criticizing Hoa Guofeng by Hu
Yaobang ( ) was published on various
newspaper

Democracy wall
movement

Emergence of a bulletin board Democracy Wall:

people wrote down their opinions Beijing spring
Criticizing Hoa Guofeng & Supporting Deng Xiaoping
1981 Hoa Guofeng was removed from Chairman of the
Communist Party of China & Chairman of the central
Military Commission of Communist Party of China
Establishment of Deng Xiaoping regime
Hu Yaobang ( : General Secretary of
Communist Party of China
Deng Xiaoping: Chairman of the Central Military
Commission of Communist Party of China
Zhao Ziyang ( ): Premier people Republic of
China

Tiananmen incident (June 4th

Incident)

(1989)
The pro- democracy
movement
organized by students
suppressed by the military
1989 April: Death of a pro-democracy
official, Hu Yaobang
He was removed from position of
General secretary of Communist Party
of China due to re establishment of
Hundred Flowers (1987)
Students gathered in Tiananmen square
to morn Hu Yaobangs death and also
demand democratization of China
The students occupied the square and
carried out strike

Tiananmen incident (June 4th

Incident)

(1989)

The movement spread out

side of Beijing and also
oversea
May (20th): Martial Law

Pro vs. anti Martial Law in the

Communist Party

Students sympathizer,
Zhao Ziyang lost his
position (May 23rd)
June: Peoples liberation
army crashed into the
demonstrators

The news of Tiananmen

square ran through the
world

The images of
military crashing
unarmed citizens and
students ran through
the world
The western nations
called back their
foreign ministers
from China
Economic supports
were suspended

EU: condemned the

government response and
cancelled all high level
contacts and loans
Japan: froze loans to China
Taiwan: strongly condemning
the mainland Chinese
response
South Korea: "grave concern"
USA: suspended military
sales
USSR: Call for reform

Socialist Market economy

(1992 -)

Deng Xiopings legitimization of economic reform in

China after Tiananmen incident
Seeking establishment of socialism through market
economy
Deng Xiaoping argued that it is possible to adapt market
economy under socialism.
"Planning and market forces are not the essential
difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned
economy is not the definition of socialism, because
there is planning under capitalism; the market
economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and
market forces are both ways of controlling economic
activity."

Socialist Market economy

Chinese government shifted its policy to
1992
- foreign business to produce
encourage

products for China.

Reformation of national business
encourage joint venture between Chinese
companies and foreign companies
Encourage foreign investment outside of
Special Economic zone
Encourage various foreign companies to work
in the Chinas domestic market: durable
goods, car, textile, fast food

Socialist Market economy

1992

2001 China joined World

Trade Organization (WTO)
Accepting global standard
in finance, accounting
system and business
management
Free trade
Decrease tariff
Free capitol transfer

1978-2003 (25 years)

GDP annual growth 3
times more than world
average
The amount of trade:
the 22nd in the world
(1980s) the 7th
(1990s)

Gross Domestic Produce (GDP) ( )

By Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)

Chinas takeover of foreign

companies
Economic Intelligence Unit
(April 3, 2010) 298 cases of
takeover by Chinese
companies
80 % of Chinese companies
= state-owned companies

Chinas investment to
Africa

Nation

Agriculture,
Fishing,
Pasturage

Mining
industry

Manufacturing industry

Service
Industry

Egypt

Cotton

Gas, Oil

Tourism,
construction, trade

Sudan

Gas, Oil

Geological
research,
construction

Algeria

Gas, Oil

construction

Mauritania

Fishing

Mali

Fruits,
vegetable oil

Nigeria

Gold

communication

Gas, Oil

Trade,
Construction

Chinas investment to
Africa

Nation

Agriculture,
Fishing,
Pasturage

Mining
industry

Kenya
Tanzania

Hemp

Zambia

Grain

Mozambique

Fishery

Namibia

Fishing

Madagascar

Fishing,
Fishery

South Africa

Manufacturing industry

Service
Industry

Trade,
Construction

Cupper,
Gold

Zinc

Chrome
steel, Steel

CD

Trade,
Construction,
Financial
business,
Transportation

Problems of diverging
differences (Income)
There are
differences between
city and agrarian
villages
The Eastern coastal
area has developed
while Western inland
area has been left
behind
Changes in Social
Welfare system

Environmental problem
Air pollution
Acid Rain
Water pollution
desertification

The 2nd largest Economy

(2011-)
Some problematic issues
Territorial disputes
Anti- Japanese movements effects on

diplomatic relationships
Problems

of Made in China products

Ethnic unrest
Democratic movements ( Social media)
Human rights issues

Liu Xiaobo & Nobel Peace

Prize (2010)

A literary critic, writer, professor

He participated in Tiananmen
square protest
He get involved in compilation of
Charter 08
Charter 08 is a manifesto to
promote democratization and
political reform of China which
was signed by over 350
Chinese intellectuals and
human rights activists
2008 detained 2009 he was
arrested for suspicion of inciting
subversion of state power