Fractional Order Modeling & Control Strategies

for Grid-Connected Renewable Energy

Sources
Major Professor : Dr. Chen
Committee members: Dr. Cripps, Dr. Spencer,
Dr. Wu and Dr. Ban
Presenter: Hadi Malek
Ph.D. Student
Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
Utah State University
04/27/2012

Email: hadi.malek@ieee.org

Outline
New

trends in power electronics for applying

fractional order calculus (FOC) in grid-connected
renewable energy systems.

Advantages

Review

of using FOC.

of the current system and recent

researchers regarding applying FOC.

Introduction
Increasing

number of renewable
resources and distributed generators

New

strategies for the operation

management of the electricity grid

Improve

energy

and

the power-supply reliability and quality

Power-electronics technology
Plays

an important role in distributed generation

Integration

of renewable energy sources into the

electrical grid

Fast evolution, due to:

a. development of fast semiconductor switches
b. introduction of real-time controllers

New technologies - wind turbines

Variable-speed
efficiency

technology

5%

increased

Easy control of active and reactive power flows

Rotor acts as a flywheel (storing energy)

No flicker problems

Higher cost

Wind turbine technology

Wind-turbine

market has been growing at

over 30% a year
Important role in electricity generation
Germany and Spain

Rectifier and chopper

driver controlling the

torque generator, using
a vector control
strategy

Energy Transfer
Control of the active
and reactive powers
total-harmonicdistortion control

step-up chopper is
used to adapt the
rectifier voltage to
the dc-link voltage of
the inverter.

PV Photovoltaic Technology
PV

systems as an alternative energy

resource
Complementary Energy-resource in hybrid
systems
Solar-electric-energy
growth consistently
20%25% per annum over the past 20 years
1) an increasing efficiency of solar cells
2) manufacturing-technology improvements
3) economies of scale

PV growth
2001,

350 MW of solar equipment was sold

2003, 574 MW of PV was installed.
In 2004 increased to 927 MW
Significant financial incentives in Spain,
Germany, Italy and France triggered a huge
growth in demand

http://www.erec.org

Perspectives
World

solar photovoltaic (PV) installations were

2.826 GW peak (GWp) in 2007, and 5.95 GW in
2008

The

three leading countries (US, Germany, &

Japan) represent nearly 89% of the total
worldwide PV installed capacity.

10

In

2012, 12.3GW- 18.8GW (expected!)

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com

Efficiency
Market leader in solar panel efficiency (measured by
energy conversion ratio) is SunPower, (San Jose
USA) - 23.4%
market average of 12-18%. (http://www.sroeco.com)
Efficiency of 42% achieved at the University of
Delaware in conjunction with DuPont (concentration)
in 2007.
The highest efficiency achieved without
concentration is by Sharp Corporation at 35.8%
using a proprietary triple-junction manufacturing
technology in 2009.

11

G. Pilawjian , Analysis of Photovoltaic Concentrating Solar Energy Systems, ARPN Journal of Systems and Software
VOL. 2, NO. 3, March 2012.

ON Grid OFF Grid

12

Power-Quality Requirements for

Grid-Connected RES
Flicker

+ interharmonics
Anti-Islanding
Voltage Fault Ride Through Capability
Standards (IEEE, NEC, IEC, )

13

Requirements

14

K. Fujii1, N. Kanao, T. Yamada1, Y. Okuma, Fault Ride Through Capability for Solar Inverters, Power Electronics and
Applications (EPE 2011), Proceedings of the 2011-14th European Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-9, Aug. 30 2011-Sept.
1 2011

Islanding
Islanding

is the continued operation of the

inverter when the grid has been removed on
purpose, by accident, or by damage
Detection schemes - active and passive.
1. The passive methods -monitor grid
parameters.
2. The active schemes introduce a disturbance
into the grid and monitor the effect.
15

Islanding

16

PV Generator

Converter AC-DC

Local Loads

Grid

Standards
1.
2.
3.

17

Flicker analysis
Switching operations. Voltage and current
transients
Harmonic analysis (FFT) - rectangular
windows of eight cycles of fundamental
frequency. THD up to 50th harmonic

Standards
The standards
EN61000-3-2, IEEE1547,
U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) 690
IEC61727
power

quality, detection of islanding operation,

grounding
structure and the features of the present and
future PV modules.
18

19

Maximum Power Point Tracker

EX.: ripple voltage should be below

8.5% of the MPP voltage in order to
reach a utilization ratio of 98%

20

S.B. Kjaer, Member, J. K. Pedersen, F. Blaabjerg, A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic
Modules, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 41, NO. 5, OCT 2005

High efficiency
Wide

range of input voltage and input power

Very wide ranges as functions
of solar irradiation and ambient temperature.

21

Fractional Order Calculus

Definitions
Why

Fractional Order Calculus?

What have been done?
Whats the plan?

22

Fractional Order Calculus

Reimann-Liouville Definition:

Caputo Definition:

23

Fractional Order Calculus

Laplace

24

Transform

Fractional Order Calculus

25

I. Podlubny, Geometric and physical interpretation of fractional integration and fractional differentiation, Fractional
Calculus and Applied Analysis, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 367 386, 2002.

Fractional Order Calculus(Why?)

Stability

Is BIBO stable if:

26

Ivo Petras, STABILITY OF FRACTIONAL-ORDER SYSTEMS WITH RATIONAL ORDERS: A SURVEY, Fractional
Calculus & Applied Analysis, Vol 12, No. 3, 2009

Fractional Order Calculus(Why?)

Robustness

27

Y.Q. Chen, H.S. Ahn and I. Podlubny, Robust Stability Check of Fractional Order Linear Time Invariant Systems With
Interval Uncertainties, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics & Automation Niagara Falls,
Canada July 2005

Fractional Order Calculus

More

Degree of Freedom
Better Time Domain Specification

28

Fractional Order Calculus(Why?)

Nature

29

of Input

Z. J. Ye X., Xia X. and Y.Q. Chen, Fractional analysis and synthesis of the variability of irradiance and pv power
time series, in FDA, (China), May 2012.

Fractional Order Calculus(Why?)

Nature

30

of the System

Fractional Order Calculus(Why?)

Nature

31

of the System

Fractional Order Calculus(Done!)

Wind

Turbine

R. Melcio, V.M.F. Mendes, J.P.S. Catalo,

Fractional-order control and simulation of
wind energy systems with PMSG/full-power
converter topology, Energy Conversion and
Management, Volume 51, Issue 6, June
2010, Pages 1250-1258.

32

Fractional Order Calculus(Done!)

FO

33

Controller for Three Level MNP Inverter

K. Arab-Tehrani, T. Capitaine, Ludovic Barrandon , M. Hamzaoui, S.M.R.Rafiei and A. Lebrun, Current Control Design
with a Fractional-Order PID for a Three-Level Inverter FDA2012.

Fractional Order Calculus(Done!)

FO

34

Controller for Three Level MNP Inverter

Fractional Order Calculus(Done!)

FO

35

Controller for DC-DC Buck Converter

A.J. Calderon, B. V. Vinagre, and V. Feliu. Fractional Order Control of a Power Electronics Buck Converter. In
Proceeding of the 5th Portuguese Conference on Automatic Control 2002 (Controlo 2002), pages 365370,
September 5th Portuguese Conference on Automatic Control.

Fractional Order Calculus (Feasibility!)

Analoge

36

Implementation

Gary W. Bohannan, Analog Realization of a Fractional Control Element, October 27, 2002

Fractional Order Calculus (Feasibility!)

Digital

37

Implementation

Research Plan
Grid-Connected

38

PV System

Research Plan
Irradiation

39

http://www.mavericksolar.net/

Research Plan
FO

40

MPPT

Research Plan
FO

41

MPPT

http://www.mpoweruk.com

Research Plan
FO

42

MPPT (Extremum Seeking Control)

M. Krstic & H.H. Wang, Automatica, 36, 2000.

Research Plan
FO

43

MPPT (Extremum Seeking Control)

Ref: S.L. Brunton, C.W. Rowley, R.K. Sanjeev, C. Clarkson, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 10, OCTOBER
2010

Research Plan
Traditional

44

Control Strategy

Zhang, Jianzhong; Cheng, Ming; , "DC link voltage control strategy of grid-connected wind power generation system,"
Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), 2010 2nd IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no.,
pp.970-975, 16-18 June 2010

Research Plan
FO

45

DC Link Voltage Control

Research Plan
FO

46

Current Control Loop

Romero-Cadaval, E.; Milanes-Montero, M.I.; Gonzalez-Romera, E.; Barrero-Gonzalez, F.; , "Power Injection System for
Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation Systems Based on Two Collaborative Voltage Source Inverters," Industrial
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.56, no.11, pp.4389-4398, Nov. 2009

Research Plan
FO

47

Current Control Loop

Research Plan
FO

48

Filtering

K. Fujii1, N. Kanao, T. Yamada1, Y. Okuma, Fault Ride Through Capability for Solar Inverters, Power Electronics and
Applications (EPE 2011), Proceedings of the 2011-14th European Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-9, Aug. 30 2011-Sept.
1 2011

Research Plan
FO

49

Filtering

G. Shen, D. Xu, L. Cao, and X. ZhuAn, Improved Control Strategy for Grid-Connected Voltage Source Inverters With an
LCL Filter, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 4, JULY 2008.

50

Plan
Developing

better fractional order models of inputs

and converter devices such as DC/DC converters,
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) or Current Source
Inverter (ISI) and storage devices.
Developing better control techniques based on
these newly developed models
Dialyzing
and comparing several modeling
topologies and control strategies.
51

Timeline
Irradiation Modeling

1.
2.

Boost Converter

1.
2.
3.
4.

Inverter

1.
2.

3.

52

Review current estimation

methods.
Applying FO estimation to
experimental data and
comparison with other
methods

2 month

Design and Implementation

of FO MPPT (Simulation)
Analyses (Stability, ) &
tuning
Performance Evaluation
Comparison the efficiency

4 month

Review current control

strategies
Applying and tuning FO
controllers to VSC and ISC
& analyzing the results
(Simulation)
Comparison with traditional
strategies.

4 month

Timeline

Filtering

1.
2.

Overall

1.

2.
3.
4.

53

Apply & tuning FO filters to

the system
Analysis (Stability, time
domain specification, freq.
domain specification, )

2 month

Design and Implementation

of overall system with FO
controllers and filters
Analyses (Stability,
Robustness, ) & tuning
Performance Evaluation
Calculate and comparison
the efficiency

2 month

Thank You!

Questions?

54