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Thinking Like An
Economist
Economics
N. Gregory
PRINCIPLES OF
Mankiw
In this chapter,
look for the answers to these
questions:
A road map
A model of human
anatomy from high
school biology class
A model airplane
Dont forget
to floss!
Factors of Production
Factors of production: the resources the
economy uses to produce goods & services,
including
labor
land
capital (buildings & machines used in
production)
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FIGURE 1:
Firms
Households
Firms:
Firms:
Buy/hire
Buy/hire factors
factors of
of production,
production,
use
use them
them to
to produce
produce goods
goods
and
and services
services
THINKING
services
Sell
LIKE AN&
Sell goods
goods
&ECONOMIST
services
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FIGURE 1:
Revenue
G&S
sold
Markets for
Goods &
Services
Firms
Factors of
production
Wages, rent,
profit
Spending
G&S
bought
Households
Markets for
Factors of
Production
Labor, land,
capital
Income
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Example:
Two goods: computers and wheat
One resource: labor (measured in hours)
Economy has 50,000 labor hours per month
available for production.
THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST
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PPF Example
Producing one computer requires 100 hours labor.
Producing one ton of wheat requires 10 hours labor.
Employment of
labor hours
Production
Computers
Wheat
Computers
Wheat
50,000
500
40,000
10,000
400
1,000
25,000
25,000
250
2,500
10,000
40,000
100
4,000
50,000
5,000
PPF Example
Production
Point
on
Comgraph puters Wheat
A
500
400
1,000
250
2,500
100
4,000
5,000
E
D
C
B
A
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ACTIVE LEARNING 1
ACTIVE LEARNING 1
Answers
Point F:
100 computers,
3000 tons wheat
Point F requires
40,000 hours
of labor.
Possible but
not efficient:
could get more
of either good
w/o sacrificing
any of the other.
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ACTIVE LEARNING 1
Answers
Point G:
300 computers,
3500 tons wheat
Point G requires
65,000 hours
of labor.
Not possible
because
economy
only has
50,000 hours.
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19
20
1000
= 10
100
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ACTIVE LEARNING 2
ENGLAND
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ACTIVE LEARNING 2
Answers
England, because its PPF is not as steep as Frances.
FRANCE
ENGLAND
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Economic
Economic
growth
growth shifts
shifts
the
the PPF
PPF
outward.
outward.
more wheat,
or any combination
in between.
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As the economy
shifts resources
from beer to
mountain bikes:
Beer
PPF becomes
steeper
opp. cost of
mountain bikes
increases
Mountain
Bikes
THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST
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At point A,
most workers are
producing beer,
even those that
are better suited
to building bikes.
Beer
At
At A,
A, opp.
opp. cost
cost of
of
mtn
mtn bikes
bikes is
is low.
low.
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At B, most workers
are producing bikes.
The few left in beer
are the best brewers.
Beer
At
At B,
B, opp.
opp. cost
cost
of
of mtn
mtn bikes
bikes
is
is high.
high.
B
Mountain
Bikes
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Microeconomics and
Macroeconomics
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positive statements,
which attempt to describe the world as it is.
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ACTIVE LEARNING 3
ACTIVE LEARNING 3
Answers
a. Prices rise when the government increases the
quantity of money.
Positive describes a relationship, could use
data to confirm or refute.
b. The government should print less money.
Normative this is a value judgment, cannot be
confirmed or refuted.
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ACTIVE LEARNING 3
Answers
c. A tax cut is needed to stimulate the economy.
Normative another value judgment.
d. An increase in the price of burritos will cause an
increase in consumer demand for video rentals.
Positive describes a relationship.
Note that a statement need not be true to be
positive.
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
As scientists, economists try to explain the world
using models with appropriate assumptions.
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