Engineering 28

University of California
Lecture # 9

Orthogonal projection
Multi-view presentation
Third-angle projection
First-angle projection

Presentation for Fabrication

How About Pictorials?

Features
hidden
Lengths
distorted
Angles
distorted
Hard to draw
Hard to scale

Problems with Pictorials

Circles distorted
Curves distorted
Hard to visualize
curvature in a
plane, e.g. for
tool paths
Hard to draw
curves

Orthographic Projection
Projection of a 3-D object on a plane by
rays perpendicular to that plane

Fault (Benefit) of
Orthogonal Projection

Part Placement

View Interpretation

Multi-view Presentation
Presents more than one view of an object on
the same viewing plane
Can see features from different directions
With enough views, can see and
characterize all features
Glass Box approach

Glass Box
interpretation
Third-Angle
Projection

Note alignment and

orientation of views

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Adapted by drafters and engineers to
expedite the transfer of information.
Maximum information with the minimum
drawing.
Too many, and to boring, to go though all in
class, check reference if necessary.
Some highlights...

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Orthographic views used
As many lines in true length and as many
planes in true shape as possible
Multiple views from the glass box

Don't show the intersection lines of the

orthographic planes.
Section views used for clarification of
internal geometries

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Shapes are simple
Extended from basic machine tools
Planes and holes (shafts) easy to make

Lines assumed to be intersections of planes

Circles assumed to be intersections of
cylinders and orthogonal planes

Preferred Presentation

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Add more views as required so the
dimensions of the object can be defined
entirely in true length measurements
Add more views as necessary for
presentation clarity
Tangent edges are usually not shown

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Use hidden lines to add information, clarity.
Do not use overuse hidden lines (not wrong,
just poor practice)
Use centerlines to mark the centers of holes,
or cylindrical surfaces 180

How Many Views?

Unnecessary

How Many Views?

Two views fine

How Many Views?

How Many Views?

How Many Views?

How About Hidden Lines?

Optional

Preferred Presentation

Guidelines for Presentation

Start with showing the object in the
preferred configuration, i.e. the top, front
and right side views. Orient the object such
that as many edges as possible are shown in
their true length in these views.
Add more of the standard orthogonal views,
e.g. left side, bottom, and/or back view, as
necessary such that dimensioning can be
applied to visible edges or features only.

Guidelines for Presentation

Add all the hidden lines from the exterior
edges and interior detail that are not visible.
If there are too many hidden lines, and the
views are confusing, remove the hidden
lines that are not necessary for fully
defining the geometry or features of the
object.

Guidelines for Presentation

If there are still too many hidden lines, and
the views are still confusing, add more of
the standard orthogonal views as necessary
to reduce the number of hidden lines and
maintain full definition of the objects
geometry.

First-Angle Projection
Used in parts of Europe and Asia

First-Angle Projection

Note alignment and

orientation of views

1st vs. 3rd Angle Projection

Correct, even though its wrong

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Small radii, intersections of blended planar
surfaces shown as a line

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Schematics used, i.e. for screws

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Small cuts on curved surfaces

ANSI Standards (Y14.5)

Small protrusions from curved surfaces

Parts with Odd Rotational

Symmetry

End
Questions?