Ota000004 SDH Principle Issue 2.2

Internal
OTA000004 SDH
Principle
ISSUE 2.2
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
All rights reserved
Upon completion of this course, you
will be able to:

Understand the basic of SDH
multiplexing standard
Know the features, applications
and advantages of SDH based
equipment
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Page 2
Chapter1 SDH Overview

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
Chapter3 Overhead & Pointers
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Page 3
Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
---- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
---It defines frame structure, multiplexing
method, digital rates hierarchy and interface code
pattern.
Why did SDH emerge?
---- Need for a system to process
increasing amounts of information.
---- New standard that allows mixing
equipment from different suppliers.
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Page 4
Advantages of SDH ( Interfaces )

PDH
SDH
Electrical interfaces
Electrical interfaces
--- Only regional standards. 3 PDH

rate hierarchies for PDH: European
(2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American
(1.544 Mb/s).
Optical interfaces
--- No standards for optical line
equipments, manufacturers develop at
their will.
--- Can be connected with existing

PDH signals.
Optical interfaces
--- Can be connected to multiple
vendors optical transmission
equipments.
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Page 5
Disadvantages of PDH (Multiplexing methods )

PDH : Asynchronous Multiplexing
The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is neither regular nor predictable.
140 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
de-multiplexer
multiplexer
multiplexer
de-multiplexer
de-multiplexer
multiplexer
2 Mb/s
level by level
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission
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Page 6
Advantages of SDH (Multiplexing methods )

byte interleaved
interleaved multiplexing
multiplexing method
method
byte
STM-1
A
A
Low rate SDH to higher rate SDH

( STM-1STM-4STM-16STM-64 )
B
STM-1
B
One Byte from

STM-1 B
4:1
STM-4
C
STM-1
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and

flexible mapping structure
D
STM-1
What about PDH?
--- Use multistage pointer to align PDH

loads in SDH frame, thus, dynamic dropand-insert capabilities
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Page 7
Advantages of SDH (OAM function )

PDH
Weak Operation,
Administration &
Maintenance function.
SDH
Abundant overheads
bytes for operation,
administration and
maintenance.
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Page 8
Advantages of SDH ( Compatibility )
PDH, SDH,
ATM, Ethernet
packing
package
SDH
network
STM-N
Processing
transmit
STM-N
receive
package
Processing
unpacking
PDH, SDH,
ATM, Ethernet
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Page 9
Comparison between SDH and PDH

Low bandwidth utilization ratio.
Signal
Digital Bit Rate
Channels
E0
64 kbit/s
One 64 kbit/s
E1
2.048 Mbit/s
32 E0
E2
8.448 Mbit/s
128 E0
E3
34.368 Mbit/s
16 E1
E4
139.264 Mbit/s
64 E1
PDH Hierarchy
Bit Rate
Abbreviated
SDH
SDH Capacity
155.52 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
STM-1
63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4
622.08 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
252 E1, 12 E3 or 4 E4
2488.32Mbit/s
2.5 Gbit/s
STM-16
1008 E1, 48 E3 or 16 E4
9953.28Mbit/s
10 Gbit/s
STM-64
4032 E1, 192 E3, 64 E4
SDH Hierarchy
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Page 10

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Page 11
Glossary
Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by
adding POH information
Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in a
Tributary Unit (TU) or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the 1st byte of
the VC to be located
Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple low-order path signals
are adapted into a higher-order path signal, or when high-order path

signals are adapted into a Multiplexing Section
Back
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Page 12
SDH Multiplexing Method

SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals ( STM-1 STM-N )

PDH to SDH signals ( 2M, 34M & 140M STM-N )
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals ( IP STMN)
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Page 13
Glossary
C = Container
VC = Virtual Container
TU = Tributary Unit
AU = Administrative Unit
TUG = Tributary Unit Group
AUG = Administrative Unit Group
STM = Synchronous Transfer Module
POH = Path Overhead
Back
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Page 14
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:
1.
3.
4.
123456789
2.
One frame lasts for 125

microseconds (8000
frames/s)
Rectangular block structure
9 rows and 270
columns(STM-1)
Each unit is one byte (8
bits)
Transmission mode: Byte
by byte, row by row, from
left to right, from top to
bottom
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

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9 rows
270 Columns
Page 15
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
123456789
Three parts
RSOH
AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
9
270 Columns
All rights reserved
Page 16
9 rows
SDH Frame Structure

Information Payload
Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
Used to transport low speed tributary signals
Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
9 rows
HPOH
AU-PTR
low rate signal
Payload
MSOH
package
1
270 Columns
Data
package
All rights reserved
LPOH, TU-PTR
Page 17
SDH Frame Structure

Section
Section Overhead
Overhead
Functions : Fulfills the section layer OAM
123
Types of Section Overhead

RSOH
1.
56789
AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
9 rows
RSOH monitors the regenerator

section
2. MSOH monitors the
multiplexing section
Location:
1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns
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Page 18
SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR
Function:
Indicates the first byte of VC4
Location:
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
RSOH
4 AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
J1
9
270 Columns
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Page 19
9 rows
SDH Multiplexing Structure

1
STM-64
STM-16
AUG-64
4
AUG-16
4
STM-4
AUG-4
4
STM-1
1
1
1
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
VC-4
C-4
139264 kbit/s
AU-4-4c
AUG-1
AU-4
3
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
TUG-3
7
Pointer processing
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34368 kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2048 kbit/s
TUG-2
Go to glossary
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Page 20
SDH Tributary Multiplexing (140M)

140 Mbit/s to STM-N
149.76Mbps
C4
VC4
150.34Mbps
139.26Mbps
Rate
adaptation
1
H
P
O
H
Add HPOH
9 Mapping
1
125s 260
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Next
page
9
125s
Page 21
261

150.91Mbps
AUG-1
10
270
STM-1
270
RSOH
Add
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
AU-4
Add
SOH
AU-PTR
9
Aligning
Multiplexing
One STM-1 frame can load only one 140Mbit/s

Signal
Add
SOH
9
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MSOH
1 STM-N
AUG-N
Page 22
Info
Payload
270X N

34 Mbit/s to STM-N
C3
VC3
48.38Mbps
48.96Mbps
34.37Mbps
Rate
Adaptation
1
H
P
O
H
Add HPOH
Next
page
9
1
84
9
Mapping
125s
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125s
Page 23
85

TU-3
TUG-3
VC-4
148.608Mbps
1
1st
align
H1
H2
H3
86
1
9
Aligning
1H
1
H
2
Fill
H
gap
3R
86
1
1
49.152Mbps
49.1536Mbps
Multiplexing
26
1
P
O R
R
H
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Page 24
Same
procedure
as 140M

2 Mbit/s to STM-N
TU12
VC12
C12
1 LPO
H
4
1
1
1
4
1
2.048Mbps
Rate
Adaptation
Add
LPOH
9
125s
2.176Mbps
2.240Mbps
Mapping
Aligning
Next
page
Add
TU-PTR
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Page 25
TU-PTR

TUG-2
1
TUG-3
49.1536Mbps
6.912Mbps
1
12
86
1
R R
3
9
Multiplexing
9
Same
procedure
as 34M
Multiplexing
All rights reserved
Page 26

All rights reserved
Page 27
Section Overheads
R
S
O
H
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
AU-PTR
B2
M
S
O
H
B2
B2
K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
S1
M1
STM-1
E2
= Media dependent bytes

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Page 28
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing Bytes Indicate the beginning of theSTM-N frame
A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Finding frame head
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STM-N
Page 29
STM-N
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing
Find
A1,A2
OOF
over 3ms
LOF
Next
process
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AIS
Page 30
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channels (DCC) Bytes
RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 kbit/s ( 3X64 kbit/s )

MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 kbit/s ( 9X64kbit/s )
NE
NE
NE
NE
DCC channel
TMN
OAM Information: Operation, Administration and

maintenance
All rights reserved
Page 31
E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes
E1 RS Orderwire Byte RSOH orderwire message
E2 MS Orderwire Byte MSOH orderwire message
NE
NE
NE
NE
E1 and E2
Digital telephone channel
E1-RS, E2-MS
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Page 32
B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity), used to check the

transmission errors over the RS
B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE( performance event)
B1 STM-N
BIP-8
A1
A2
A3
A4
00110011
11001100
10101010
00001111
B 01011010
B1 STM-N
Rx
Tx
1#STM-N
2#STM-N
Calculate
BIP-8= A
B1=A
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2#STM-N
Calculate
1#STM-N
BIP-8=A1
Verify A1&AB1 BBE
Page 33
B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS

B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE( performance event)
The mechanism of B2 is same as B1
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Page 34
M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors

A count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors
Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic
Rx
Tx
Generat
e
MSFEBBE
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TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
MS-REI
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Return
M1
Find B2 bit
errors
Generate MSBBE
Page
35
K1 and K2 (b1-b5)
Automatic Protection
Switching (APS) bytes
Transmitting APS protocol

Used for network multiplexing
protection switch function
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Page 36
K2 (b6 ~ b8)
Start
Rx detects K2 (b6-
b8)="111" generate MSAIS alarm
Rx detects K2 (b6b8)="110" generate MSRDI alarm
Detect
K2
(b6-b8)
110
111
Generate
MS-AIS
Generate
MS-RDI
Return
MS-RDI
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Page 37
S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB): S1
(b5~ b8)
Value indicates the sync. level
bit 5 ~ 8
Description
0000
Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010
G.811 PRC
0100
SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000
SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011
G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111
Do not use for sync (DNU).
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Page 38
Path Overheads
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
10
J1
VC-n Path Trace Byte
B3
Path BIP-8
C2
Path Signal Label
G1
Path Status
F2
Path User Channel
H4
TU Multiframe Indi
F3
Path User Channel
K3
AP Switching
N1
Network Operator
Higher Order Path Overhead

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Page 39
Path trace byte: J1

Detect J1
> The first byte of VC-4

> User-programmable
> The received J1 should
match with the expected J1
Match
Next
process
HP-TIM
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Page 40
B3 Byte
Path bit parity
code byte (even parity code)
Verify B3
Used to detect bit errors

Mechanism is same as B1and B2
correct
Next
process
HP-BBE
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Page 41
Signal label byte: C2

Detect C2
> Specifies the mapping type in
the VC-n
> 00 H Unequipped
00H
02 H TUG structure
13 H ATM mapping
The received C2 should
match with the expected C2
Match
Next
process
HP-UNEQ
HP-SLM
Insert TU-AIS
downward
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Page 42
Path Overheads
1
1
V5
J2
VC-12
Low Order Path Overhead
N2
VC-12
K4
VC-12
VC-12
500s VC-12 multiframe
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Page 43
Path Overhead Bytes

V5
> First byte of the multiframe
> Indicated by TU-PTR
Functions: Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12
b1- b2
Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)
b3
Return Error detected in VC-12 (LP-REI)
b4
Return Failure declared in VC-12 (LP-RFI)
b5 ~ b7
Signal Label for VC-12
b8
Indicate Defect in VC-12 path (LP-RDI)
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Page 44
Pointers
Pointers
TU-PTR
AU-PTR
All rights reserved
Page 45
AU-PTR
All rights reserved
Page 46
TU-PTR
1
4
J2
1
V5
VC-12
N2
VC-12
V1
K4
VC-12
V2
VC-12
V3
500s VC-12 multiframe

TU POINTERS
All rights reserved
Page 47
V4
Summary
SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure & Multiplexing
Methods
Overhead & Pointers
All rights reserved
Page 48
Thank You
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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you

will be able to:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter1 SDH Overview

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Advantages of SDH ( Interfaces )

--- Only regional standards. 3 PDH

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

--- Can be connected with existing

All rights reserved

Disadvantages of PDH (Multiplexing methods )

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Advantages of SDH (Multiplexing methods )

Low rate SDH to higher rate SDH

One Byte from

--- Synchronous multiplexing method and

What about PDH?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

--- Use multistage pointer to align PDH

Advantages of SDH (OAM function )

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Advantages of SDH ( Compatibility )

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Comparison between SDH and PDH

Digital Bit Rate

4032 E1, 192 E3, 64 E4

All rights reserved

Chapter1 SDH Overview

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

adding POH information

Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in a

Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple low-order path signals

are adapted into a higher-order path signal, or when high-order path

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

SDH Multiplexing Method

Low to high rate SDH signals ( STM-1 STM-N )

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

All rights reserved

SDH Frame Structure

One frame lasts for 125

Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

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SDH Frame Structure

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SDH Frame Structure

low rate signal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

SDH Frame Structure

Types of Section Overhead

RSOH monitors the regenerator

Bit rate of STM-1= 92708*8000