PNEUMATIC &

HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER 2
ELEMENTS IN PNEUMATICS
WORKING SYSTEM

PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR
IS AN OUTPUT DEVICE FOR THE
CONVERSION OF SUPPLY ENERGY
INTO USEFUL WORK

ENERGY

WORK

CYLINDER PNEUMATIC

SINGLE ACTING
DOUBLE
ACTINGCYLINDERS
CYLINDERS

Produce straight line

motion

Produce straight rotational

motion

SINGLE ACTING
CYLINDER

DOUBLE ACTING
CYLINDER

RACK & PINION

PASCAL LAW

F=PxA
(D /4)
2

FORCE GENERATED BY CYLINDER

CYLINDER

PENGEMBANGA
N (EXTEND) keluar

PEMAMPATAN (RETRACT)
- masuk
* untuk masuk
tidak ada

a) Single Acting

b) Double Acting

rumus

CUSHIONING
AIR
TYPES

RUBBER
TYPE

Pneumatic cylinders are capable of very high speed and

considerable shock forces can be developed on the end of the
stroke.
Smaller cylinder often have fixed cushioning i.e. rubber buffer, to
absorb the shock and prevent internal damage to the cylinder
On larger cylinder, the impact effect can be absorbed by an air
cushion that decelerates the piston over the last portion of the
stroke

CUSHIONING
Cushioning can help in extending the lifespan of the actuator by:

THREE MAIN REASONS TO CUSHIONING:

1. Shocks when the piston stop abruptly
2. Noise caused by the collision between piston with
fixtures
3. Protector to internal components such as piston, rod
and so on.

CYLINDER MOUNTING

 The type of mounting determined by

the manner in which the cylinder is
to be fitted to a machine or mixture
As soon as force is transmitted to a
machine, stressed occur at the
cylinder. If shaft mismatching and
misalignments are presents, bearing
stresses at the cylinder barrel and
piston rod can also be expected.

SPECIAL CYLINDERS OPTION

a.Double Rod
b.Non Rotating Rod
c. Twin Rod
d.Flat Rod
e.Tandem Cylinder
f. Multi Position
Cylinder

SPECIAL CYLINDER

TWIN ROD

TANDEM CYLINDER

DOUBLE ROD

FLAT CYLINDER

MULTI POSITION CYLINDER

SPECIAL ACTUATOR

a.
b.
c.
d.

Locking Cylinder
Rodless cylinder
Slide unit
Hollow rod
cylinder
e. Rotating cylinder
f. Air chuck (Gripper)

SPECIAL ACTUATORS

LOCKING CYLINDER

RODLESS CYLINDER

ROTATING CYLINDER

SLIDE UNITS

HOLLOW ROD CYLINDER

AIR CHUCK (GRIPPER)

VALVE (INJAP)

DIRECTIONAL
PRESSURE
CONTROL
CONTROL
VALVE
VALVE
COMBINATION
NON
FLOW
RETURN
CONTROL
VALVES
VALVES
VALVE

Equipment thatreceivescommands
areeitherforrelease
@Stop theflow of air
THE FUNCTION : is to control the pressure or
flow rate of pressure media

DCV, FCV, PCV, NON RETURN VALVE

&COMBINATION VALVE

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

FUNCTION
control the passage of air signals by generating,
cancelling or redirection signals

METHODS OF ACTUATIONS OF THE VALVE

MANUALLY
MECHANICALLY
PNEUMATICALLY
ELECTRICALLY

M
M
P
E

APA YANG PERLU ANDA TAHU MENGENAI

GERAKAN INJAP?

1)KAEDAH GERAKAN
2)SIMBOL

KAEDAH
GERAKAN
(METHODOLGY)
1) MANUALLY
ACTUATED
-

Operator
Push button

2) MECHANICALLY
-

Mechanically
mechanism
Roller operated

CONSTRUCTIONS

SIMBOL
(SYMBOLS)

KAEDAH GERAKAN
(METHODOLGY)
1) PNEUMATICALLY
-

Air compression
Switch the air
channel

2) ELECTRICALLY
-

solenoid
Generate by
electric power

GAMBARAJAH
BINAAN

SIMBOL
(SYMBOLS)

TYPES OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

VALVE
SPOOL VALVE

SPOOL VALVE
A cylindrical spool
slides longitudinally
in the valve body
with the air flowing
at right angles to the
spool movement.
Spools have equal
sealing areas and
pressure balanced.

POPPET VALVE
1.Flow through a poppet valve
is controlled by a disc or plug
lifting at right angles to a
seat with an elastic seal.
2.Poppet valve can be 2 or 3
port valve or more poppet
valve have to be integrated
into one valve.

POPPET VALVE

1. 6.2a the inlet pressure tends to lift the seal off

its seat requiring a sufficient force (spring) to keep
the valve closed.
2. 6.2b the inlet pressure assists the return spring
holding the valve closed, but the operating force
varies with different pressures.

SLIDING VALVE

ROTARY VALVE

NON RETURN VALVE

THE NON RETURN VALVE IS THE BASIS FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
MANY
COMBINED
COMPONENTS.

Logic OR Shuttle Valve

An air signal given to

either the left hand port 1
or the right hand port 1 will
result in an output at port
2
The sealing disc moves
across to seal the exhaust
signal line to prevent loss
of signal pressure

1
2

Logic AND Dual Pressure Valve

2

The dual-pressure valve is

switched through to the
output
by
applying
compressed air to both of
the inputs (AND function)

1
(3)

FLOW CONTROL VALVE

1.Restrict or throttles
the fluid in a
particular direction
to reduce the flow
rate of the fluid
2.Control signal flow

37

PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE

FUNCTIO
N pressure in a control circuit
Controls the operating
and keeps the pressure constant irrespective of any
pressure fluctuations in the system

TYPES OF PCV
1. ADJUSTABLE
PRESSURE REGULATING
VALVE, NON RELIEVING
TYPE

2. ADJUSTABLE
PRESSURE REGULATING
VALVE, RELIEVING TYPE

COMBINATION VALVE

FUNCTION : the combined function of various

element can produce a new function.
EXAMPLE : is the time delay which is the
combination of a one way flow control valve, a
reservoir and 3/2 way directional control valve.

SENSOR
1. Is a device that measures a measurable
attribute and converts it into a signal which
can be read by an observer or by an
instrument
2. For pneumatic
this device can detect
moving parts to provide signals for the
automatic control of a work cycle
3. Position for sensor can be contact and noncontact

SENSOR
Sensor in pneumatic can be divided into
two
types:
Contact
Non-contact
Sensor is used to detect moving object
and sending signal to the actuator.

SENSOR CAN BE ACTUATED

SENSOR CAN BY
BE :ACTUATED BY :

MECHANICAL ACTUATION

This type of sensor usually installed

as a LIMIT SWITCH at the end of
cylinder stroke.

Main Types Of Mechanical Actuation

Plunger Sensor
Roller Sensor
Idle Return Roller Sensor

PNEUMATIC ACTUATION
This type of sensor has
contact precision to 0.2 mm.
Usually it is used for short
stroke of actuator which is
less than 5 mm.

Types Of Pneumatic
Actuation
Pilot-operated
Vacuum operated
Return operated

ELECTRICAL ACTUATION
Electrical actuation -commonly used
an OBJECT SENSOR and MAGNETIC
SENSOR.
OBJECT SENSOR-is installed on
certain length to detect moving
object without direct contact with
the object.
MAGNETIC SENSOR-is installed on
actuator and can be used for steel
only.