A switching function concept based Power

electronics Converters for grid integrated

variable speed wind turbine

Gaurav Singh Bhandari ( 12MPE0026 )

Guided By
Dr. M. Kowsalya

VIT UNIVERSITY, VELLORE

School of Electrical Engineering

Outline
1: Objective
2:Introduction
3:Methodology
4:Block diagram
5:Simulation results
6:References

Objective
To analyse the transient performance and grid impact analysis
capability of a gearless VSWT based on MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
To study the control performance of a gearless VSWT under varying
wind speeds.

Introduction
Non-renewable energy resources are depleting, inefficient and
pollutes the environment
Future scope is on renewable energy resources such as wind, solar,
fuel cell, etc
Renewable energy taken here for this project is wind. Variable
speed wind turbine is used for modelling and analysis.
Distributed wind generation cannot be connected easily to the
electric grid without the evaluation on control performance and grid
impact

Methodology and block diagram

Fig.1: Methodology and block diagram

The wind model system consists of:
Variable speed wind turbine
AC to DC converter
Voltage source inverter
Transformer and power grid

Design of wind Speed

Wind Speed is a combination of four component(step speed, ramp speed,
Gust Speed, Noise Speed)
Vw = Vgust + Vramp + Vstep + Vnoise
Gust Speed: Vgust is represented by sudden change in speed. It is given
by:
VGust =
VCOS = (MAXG/2){1-cos2[(t/T1G) (T1G/TG)]}
TG = Gust Period in sec(16.66e-3), T1G = Gust starting time in sec(14e-3).
MAXG = Gust peak in mi/sec , t = Time in sec.

Ramp Speed:

Ramp Speed is continous varies with time.

Step Speed: (VStep) = KB (m/sec) ,where KB is a constant.

Noise Speed: VNoise = 2 (i)]1/2 Cos(it + i), t<0
Where i = (I 1/2), i2= a random variable on time interval o to 2.
Sv(i)= (2KNF2|i|)(2[1 + (Fi/)2]4/3)
Where :
KN = Surface drag coefficient(0.004)
F= Turbulence scale(2000), = Mean wind speed at reference height.
For I =1,Sv(w1) = 0.000973
For I =2,Sv(w2) = 0.000156
For I =3,Sv(w3)= 0.0000665
For I =4,Sv(w4)= 0.0000380
For I =5,Sv(w5)= 0.0000249
For I =6,Sv(w6)= 0.0000178
For I =7,Sv(w7)= 0.0000135
For I =8,Sv(w8)= 0.0000106
For I =9,Sv(w9)= 0.00000866
For I =10,Sv(w10)= 0.00000719

For I =11,Sv(w11) = 0.00000609

For I =12,Sv(w12) = 0.00000523
For I =13,Sv(w13)= 0.00000455
For I =14,Sv(w14)= 0.00000400
For I =15,Sv(w15)= 0.00000355
For I =16,Sv(w16)= 0.00000318
For I =17,Sv(w17)= 0.00000286
For I =18,Sv(w18)= 0.00000259
For I =19,Sv(w19)= 0.00000236
For I =20,Sv(w20)= 0.00000217

For I =21,Sv(w21) = 0.00000199

For I =22,Sv(w22) = 0.00000184
For I =23,Sv(w23)= 0.00000170
For I =24,Sv(w24)= 0.00000159
For I =25,Sv(w25)= 0.00000148
For I =26,Sv(w26)= 0.00000138
For I =27,Sv(w27)= 0.00000130
For I =28,Sv(w28)= 0.00000122
For I =29,Sv(w29)= 0.00000115
For I =30,Sv(w30)= 0.00000108

For I =31,Sv(w31) = 0.00000102

For I =32,Sv(w32) = 0.000000975
For I =33,Sv(w33)= 0.000000926
For I =34,Sv(w34)= 0.000000880
For I =35,Sv(w35)= 0.000000838
For I =36,Sv(w36)= 0.000000799
For I =37,Sv(w37)= 0.000000763
For I =38,Sv(w38)= 0.000000729
For I =39,Sv(w39)= 0.000000698
For I =40,Sv(w40)= 0.000000669

For I =41,Sv(w41) = 0.000000641

For I =42,Sv(w42) = 0.000000616
For I =43,Sv(w43)= 0.000000592
For I =44,Sv(w44)= 0.000000569
For I =45,Sv(w45)= 0.000000548
For I =46,Sv(w46)= 0.000000528
For I =47,Sv(w47)= 0.000000509
For I =48,Sv(w48)= 0.000000492
For I =49,Sv(w49)= 0.000000475
For I =50,Sv(w50)= 0.000000459

Noise Speed

Base Speed, Ramp Speed, Gust Speed, Noise Speed

Wind Speed(Vw )= Vgust + Vramp + Vstep + Vnoise

Wind Speed

Turbine Design
Design of wind Turbine:
Mechanical power extracted from Wind (Pm):
Pm = Cp(, )(PW), PW = 0.5AV3w
( Tip speed)= (RBlade.r/Vw)
Tm(Mechanical Torque)= (Pm/r).
Cp(, )is given by : C1(C2 C3 C42 C5)e-C6 + C7.
Value of power coefficient from C1 to C7 are as follows:
C1 = 0.5, C2 = 116/i, C3 = 0.4, C4 = 0, C5 = 5, C6 = 21/i, C7 =
0.0068.
(1/i)= (1/0.08+) (0.035/3+1)

Pm
PW
Cp(, )

Mechanical power extracted from wind(W)

Kinetic energy contained in wind
Power coefficient of Turbine

A(R2)
R

Air density(kg/m3)
Turbine swept area(m2)
Turbine Radius(m)
Tip speed ratio of the rotor blade tip speed to wind
speed
Wind Speed(m/s)
Generator Speed(Rad/s
Blade Pitch Angle(degree)

Vw
r

Data for Wind Turbine

Design:
Wind Turbine Characteristics

Value

Wind Base Speed

12.35m/s

Rating

2 MW

Air Density

0.55kg/m3

Blade radius

37.5 m

Generator Base Speed

2.018 rad/sec

Pitch angle

0 degree

Wind turbine model

Tip Speed()

Cp(, ) For =
0 deg

0.5

0.035

2.5

0.10

4.0

0.13

5.84

0.2413

6.96

0.3311

7.92

0.3925

8.6

0.4307

9.59

0.46

11.75

0.488 - CP-MAX

12.35

0.4855

13.56

0.4706

15.71

0.4211

17.61

0.2942

20

0.1011

21

-0.05

22

-0.1

(Cp - Lamda Characteristcs for Pitch Angle - 0 Degree)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

Cp

0.2

0.1

0
0

10

-0.1

-0.2
Lam da

15

20

25

Kinetic Energy of Wind, Mechanical power, Mechanical Torque:

Design of Induction Generator

Design of Induction Generator

Relationship between abc and arbitrary qdo

Induction Generator Data:

Induction Generator:

Inside Three Phase:

Inside abc2qds Block:

Inside Q Axis Block:

Inside D -axis Block:

Inside Rotor Block:

Inside Zero sequence Component Block:

Inside qds2abc Block:

Three Phase input Voltage, D Q Axis Voltage, Output Voltage :

Output Current , Rotor Speed ,

Electromagnetic Torque:

Design of three phase rectifier:

Inside Rectifier:

Rectified Voltage and current:

Design of Three phase inverter:

Inside Inverter :

Inside SPWM and Voltage Block:

Carrier and reference (A, B, C) Wave and Generation of

Pulses:

Inverter Phase Voltage(Van,Vbn,Vcn) and Load

Current (Ia,Ib,Ic):

THD (Total Harmonic Distortion):

THD without Controller

Closed Loop Control

Contd

Contd..

Design of PID Controller

PID Controller designing can be done by Ziegler Nichol Method. Following Steps
are taken for designing.
At Controller, select P - Controller (set derivative and integral terms to zero).
Tune P Controller from minimum until controlled variable encounters sustain oscillations.
Take down the final P value as ultimate gain, K and find the time period for one oscillation as ultimate
time period T.

PID Values:
Controller P

P only

0.5*K

PI

0.45*K

0.833*T

PID

0.6*K

0.5*T

0.125*T

Here K=0.1, T=0.018. So for PI Controller K p=0.045, K i = (0.833*0.018)=0.014994

Contd..

Active Power reference (Pref), Reactive Power Reference (Qref)

Contd:

Active Power and Reactive power without Controller

Contd.

Active and Reactive Power with Controller

THD with Controller

Pitch Angle Controller

Kp = -30.05, Ki = -0.02122

Speed below base speed:

Speed above base speed:

Power Curve:

Three Phase 11 level MLI

Contd.

In MLI number of level = 2m+1 where m = number of H-Bridges

Inside H-Bridge

Switching Conduction Table:

H Bridges

A - Phase

B - Phase

C - Phase

H Bridge(1)

+ve leg = 0 deg

- ve leg = 180 deg

+ve leg = 120 deg

- ve leg = 300 deg

+ve leg = 240 deg

- ve leg = 420 deg

H Bridge(2)

+ve leg = 25 deg

- ve leg = 205 deg

+ve leg = 145 deg

- ve leg = 325 deg

+ve leg = 265 deg

- ve leg = 445 deg

H Bridge(3)

+ve leg = 50 deg

- ve leg = 230 deg

+ve leg = 170 deg

- ve leg = 350 deg

+ve leg = 290 deg

- ve leg = 470 deg

H Bridge(4)

+ve leg = 75 deg

- ve leg = 255 deg

+ve leg = 195 deg

- ve leg = 375 deg

+ve leg = 315 deg

- ve leg = 495 deg

H Bridge(5)

+ve leg = 100 deg

- ve leg = 280 deg

+ve leg = 220 deg

- ve leg = 400 deg

+ve leg = 340 deg

- ve leg = 520 deg

Contd..

Phase Voltage of Three Phase MLI (11 Level)

Contd

Active and Reactive Power of Three phase MLI (11 Level)

Current and THD of Three Phase MLI (11 Level)

References
[1]

Seul-Ki Kim and Eung-Sang Kim, PSCAD/EMTDC- Based Modelling and Analysis of a Gearless Variable Speed
Wind Turbine, IEEE Trans. On Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2, June 2007.
[2] J. G. Slootweg, S. W. H. de Haan, H. Polinder and W. L. Kling, "General Model for Representing Variable Speed
Wind, Turbines in Power System Dynamics Simulations, "IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, Vol.18, NO. 1, February
2003.
[3] P. M. Anderson,Anjan Bose ,"STABILITY SIMULATION OF WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS,"IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 12, December 1983.
[4]
Chee Mun Ong Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery Using MATLAB/SIMULINK West Lafayette
,Indiana , Purdue University , pp. 167 243 .
[5] Masaaki Sakui and Hiroshi Fujita, An Analytical Method for Calculating Harmonic Currents of a Three- phase
Diode-Bridge Rectifier with dc Filter,IEEE Trans.On Power Electronics, VOL. 9, NO. 6, November, 1994.
[6]
Byoung-Kuk Lee, Mehrdad Ehsani, A Simplified Functional Simulation Model for Three-Phase Voltage-Source
Inverter Using Switching Function Concept , IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 48, NO. 2, April 2001.
[7] L. Lupu, B. Boukhezzar, H. Siguerdidjane, Pitch and torque control strategy for variable speed wind turbines, in
2006 European Wind Energy Conference Proceedings, Athens, Greece 2006.
[8]
C. Jauch, T. Cronin, P. Sorensen, B. B. Jensen, A fuzzy logic pitch angle controller for power system stabilization,
Wind Energy, 2007, pp. 19-30.

[9] Narayan Prasad Gupta, Preeti Gupta and Dr. Deepika Masand, Power Quality Improvement Using Hybrid
Active Power Filter for A DFIG Based Wind Energy Conversion System, Nirma University International
Conference On Engineering, Dec 2012.
[10] N. Khezami, B. B. Naceur, G. Xavier, Wind turbine power tracking using an improved multimodel quadratic
approach, ISA Transactions, vol. 49, pp. 326-334, 2010.
[11] R. M. Kamel, A. Chaouachi and K. Nagasaki, "Wind power smoothing using fuzzy logic pitch controller and
energy capacitor system for improvement Micro-Grid performance in islanding mode," Energy, vol. 35, no. 5, pp.
2119-2129, 2010.
[12] Ilhami Colak , Ersan Kabalci , Ramazan Bayindir, "Review of multilevel voltage source inverter topologies
and control schemes," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, pp. 1114 - 1128, 2011.
[13] Jose Rodriguez, Jih- Sheng Lai, and Fang Zheng Peng, "Multilevel Inverters: A Survey of Topologies,
Controls, and Applications," IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724-738, 2002.

Publication Detail:
[1] Gaurav Singh Bhandari and Dr. M. Kowsalya, "Power Electronics Converters for Grid Integrated
Variable Speed Wind Turbine," International Journal of Development Research, vol. 4, pp. 592 - 598,
2014.
[2]
Gaurav Singh Bhandari and Dr. M. Kowsalya, "A Switching Function Concept based Power
Electronics Converters for Grid Integrated Variable Speed Wind Turbine" communicated to Journal of
Renewable and Sustainable Energy.
[3]
Gaurav Singh Bhandari and Dr. M. Kowsalya, Implementation of Pitch Angle Controller for
Variable Speed Wind Turbine," communicated to Frontiers in Energy.

THANK
YOU