Rehabilitation and maintenance

of buildings - 02
Karel Mike

Contents

Properties of material
Failures of steel structures
Types of refurbishment
Methods of reliability verification
Basis of member design of steel structures
Basis of joint design
Assessment of steel structures
Strengthening of members
Strengthening and refurbishment of structures
Refurbishment of masonry structures using steelwork
Seismic upgrading using steel structure
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Methods of reliability verification

Design based on experience

Allowable stress method

Empirical attitude
One safety factor
Reduction of strength
Actions not affected

Method of limit states

Real probabilistic methods

Method of partial safety factors

Semi-probabilistic method

Method of partial safety factors

Partial safety factors:
material factors M

load factors F

Ultimate Limit States ... M 1, F > 1

Serviceability limit states ... M = 1, F = 1

Basis of Eurocodes

Partial safety factors

Characteristic values

Partial factors M, F

Reduction factors

Design values

Partial factors cover:

Disadvantageous deviations from characteristic

values
Inaccuracy of action model
Inaccuracy of structural model for analysis
Inaccuracy of transformation factors
5

Eurocodes

Design codes (Eurocodes)

European codes from1980

European Comittee for Standartization (CEN) from
1990

Preliminary codes (ENV) European codes (EN)

CR - member from 1998

ENV - National application document (NAD) national
specials
EN - National annex, limited clauses

Since 3/2010 should be valid in all CEN countries

Eurocodes EN

EN 1990 Eurocode
EN 1991 Eurocode
EN 1992 Eurocode
EN 1993 Eurocode
EN 1994 Eurocode
structures
EN 1995 Eurocode
EN 1996 Eurocode
EN 1997 Eurocode
EN 1998 Eurocode
resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode

0
1
2
3
4

Basis of Structural Design

Actions on structures
Design of concrete structures
Design of steel structures
Design of composite steel and concrete

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6
7
8

Design of timber structures

Design of masonry structures
Geotechnical design
Design of structures for earthquake

9 Design of aluminium structures

Eurocodes EN
Partial safety factors

M = 1,00 (for steel)

M2 = 1,25

Loading

Effect

Service load
(SLS)

Extreme load
(ULS)

Dead

favourable

G = 1,0

G,min = 1,0

unfavourable

G = 1,0

G,max = 1,35

Q = 1,0

Q = 1,50

Variable

Contents

Properties of material
Failures of steel structures
Types of refurbishment
Methods of reliability verification
Basis of design of steel structures
Assessment of steel structures
Strengthening of members
Strengthening and refurbishment of structures
Refurbishment of masonry structures using
steelwork
Seismic upgrading using steel structure
9

Basis of design of steel structures

Eurocode EN 1993 Design of steel structures

Method of partial safety factors

Utilization of bi-linear stress-strain relation of

steel

Axial tension
Axial compression
Bending
Shear
Combination

10

Axial tension
Stress distribution:

N/ A
(direct stress)

11

Axial tension
Resistance:
full cross-section (plastic resistance)
Npl.Rd=A fy / M0

net cross-section at holes for fasteners

Nu.Rd=0,9 A netfu / M2

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Axial compression
Design buckling resistance
N b.Rd

A fy
M1

Buckling factor :

covers the effect of buckling

NR

Ncr 1( depends on

cross-section type)

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Axial compression
Buckling

Stability collapse

buckling before fy is reached along crosssection

Most frequent reason for collapse of S.S.

Perfect (ideal) member - stability problem

Real member
- buckling resistance

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Axial compression
Stability of perfect member

Straight member
Pinned ends
Centric loading
Solution

Euler 1744

15

Axial compression
Critical (Eulers) Force

EI
N cr 2
L
2

Critical Stress

cr N cr A

Slenderness

E cr
E L2 A 2 E I L2 i 2 L i

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I
A

Axial compression
Buckling of Member

flexural or torsional
Double axis symmetric profiles
Slenderness y, z, zw

flexural or flexural-torsional
Uniaxial symmetric profiles
Slenderness y, yzw

flexural-torsional
Non-symmetrical profiles
Slenderness yzw
It is taken into account in simplified
form
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Axial compression
Buckling (effective) length

Using Eulers formula for general bar

Buckling length:
Length of basic member (pinned ends,
constant compression force) of the same
cross-section with equal critical force as
examined member
Lcr = L

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Axial compression
Buckling length

Example - Cantilever
Euler
2E I
N cr
Lcr 2

Cantilever
2E I
N cr
4 L2
Lcr = 2 L =2
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Axial compression
Buckling resistance of real member
Imperfections
Geometric imperfections
Initial curvature of the member axis,
excentricity of the loading position
Deviation from the theoretical shape of the crosssection

Material imperfections
Residual stresses

Due to the welding, straightening or cooling

Structural imperfections
Imperfect function of hinges or fixed connections

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Axial compression
Results of experiments of compression members

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Axial compression
Buckling factor
Nb.R Nb.R

Nc.R A fy

fy
cr

1 E / f y 93,9

0,5 1 ( 0,2 )

imperfection factor

depends on type of cross-section

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235 / fy

Axial compression
Buckling factor

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Global analysis of structure

Statically determinate structures

Statically indeterminate structures

Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis

Plastification of the part of

the structure

Idealised stress-strain relation

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Global analysis of structure

Elastic analysis

Material satisfies Hookes law

= E
For steel under
the yield point fy

Ideal stress-strain diagram

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Global analysis of structure

Plastic analysis

Two steps:
Plastic check of governing cross-section
Plastic global analysis

At redundant structures
Development of plastic mechanism

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Global analysis of structure

Step by step plastification of I cross section

Development of plastic mechanism

Sufficient rotation capacity of cross section

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Global analysis
Utilization of cross section

Elasto-elastic
Distribution of internal forces based on elastic analysis
Utilization of structural cross section elastic
Elasto-plastic
Distribution of internal forces based on elastic analysis
Maximally loaded cross section utilized plastically
Plasto-plastic
Distribution of internal forces based on plastic analysis
At plastic joints is cross section plastified

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Classification of cross section

class 1:
Plastic hinges
Plastic redistribution of inner forces
Plasto-plastic analysis
class 2:
Fully plastified
Limited rotation capacity
Elasto-plastic analysis
class 3:
It is possible to reach the yield point at edge
fibres
Elasto-elastic analysis
class 4:
slender, at compression stresses buckle
earlier before the yield is reached
Elasto-elastic analysis
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31

Classification of cross section

Definition of cross-section class

Classification for all parts with compression stress

For every compressed part according to b/t ratio

b ... width of sheet
t ... thickness of sheet

Maximum class (cr,min) governs

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Classification of cross section

Cross section of class 4

Plate buckling

Ideal cross-section
Replacement of real width with effective widths

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Bending, shear

Bending resistance MRd

Shear resistance VRd

M
V

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Bending, shear
Design bending resistance

Influence of cross-section class

1., 2. class
M pl .Rd W pl fyd MEd
3. class
Mel .Rd Wel fyd M Ed
4. class
M
W f M

eff .Rd

eff

yd

Ed

fyd = fy/M0

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Bending, shear
Design shear resistance
Vpl .Rd

Av fyd

VEd
3

Av shear area

Small shear:

VEd 0,5 Vpl,Rd combination M+V is

neglected

Large shear

VEd > 0,5 Vpl,Rd combination M+V is

considered

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Bending, shear
M+V - Large shear

Reduction of strength on shear area:

1 fyd
2 VEd

1
Vpl .Rd

for symmetrical cross-section along y-y :

M pl .Rd

AV
W pl
4 tw

fyd MEd

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Bending
Lateral-torsional buckling

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Bending
Resistance with lateral-torsional buckling
M b.Rd

LT W y f y
M1

LT M c .Rd

W y W p,y

for cross section of class 1 a 2

W y We,y

for cross section of class 3

W y Weff ,y

for cross section of class 4

Relative slenderness

LT

W y fy
Mc ,R

Mcr
Mcr
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Bending
Beams not subjected to lat.-torsional buckling

Lateral restraint of compression

flange

Beam bended in the direction of

smaller rigidity

Torsional rigidity of beam is high

(closed cross section)

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Serviceability limit states

check relevant especially for beams

Deflections
Vibrations

Reversible behaviour is required

Elastic behaviour

41

Serviceability limit states

Deflections

Bending stiffness: E I

max ... resultant deflection

2 ... deflection due to variable load
0 ... chamber of beam
1 ... deflection due to dead load
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Serviceability limit states

Recommended limit deflections

Limits should be agreed

Just recommendations in National annexes
Refurbishment proper judgement of designer
Limits according to ENV:
Loading

floors

roofs

total

L/250

L/200

variable

L/300 (L/350)

L/250

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