Storage Tanks

Prepared by: M.SIRAJUDIN (Sr.
Static Equipment Engineer)
July 29, 2010
Petrofac Saudi Arabia Ltd.
Introduction to Storage Tanks
OBJECTIVES
To Give Basic
Information on
Storage Tanks used
for Oil & Gas
industry
Storage Tanks ( basic info)

Prepared by: M.SIRAJUDIN (Sr. Static Equipment Engineer)
July 29, 2010
1.
Background
Tanks have been around since the beginning of hydrocarbon
production.
Tanks vary considerably, in the type and size, based on the

type of
products to be stored and the volume involved.
The failure of a tank can have several undesirable effects such as

endangering personnel, affecting the environment and interrupting
the Operators business.
Companies therefore, require a consistent approach for assessing

tank integrity and maintaining compliance with industry and
regulatory standards, (that is community requirements). Such an
approach must;
Ensure tanks are not leaking and will not leak before next inspection
Reduce the potential for releases
Maintain tanks in safe operating conditions, and
Make repairs and determine when replacement is necessary.

July 29, 2010
2.
Functions of Tank
The primary function of a storage tank is to store liquid substance. This

liquid substance may be:
a) Water
b) Feedstock
c )Finished products prior to shipping out to customers
d) and Unfinished petroleum components awaiting for further
- processing
- blending
While in the storage tanks, these products may settle out undesirable
substances such as; Water, Emulsions, Dirt etc. These undesirable
substances can then be removed through draw-off devices. Products
may also be mixed, blended and treated in storage tanks effectively,
using the large capacity available in these tanks.

July 29, 2010
3.
Classification of Tanks
Broadly, the storage tanks can be divided based on internal pressure:

Atmospheric Tanks:
Atmospheric storage is a term applied to tanks operating at or near
atmospheric pressure.
Although they are called atmospheric, they are operated at internal
pressure slightly above atmospheric pressure ( pressure varies from
atmospheric up to 0.5 psi above atmospheric.
Low Pressure Tanks:
Within the context of the tanks, low pressure means that tanks which
are designed for a pressure higher than atmospheric tanks. This
means that these tanks are relatively high pressure tanks. These
tanks are designed to operate from atmospheric up to 15 psig
Note:
Above types of tanks are used to hold liquid which will not vaporize at ambient
temperature. Tanks used in this category are primarily the open top, fixed roof
(cone & dome) and floating roof.
Storage
Tanks ( tanks
basic info) are most commonly used
These
July 29, 2010
3.
Classification of Tanks
Pressurized storage :
Pressurized storage applies to those vessels (mounded bullets) which
are designed to withstand pressure sufficient to keep the liquid
stored, from vaporizing. High vapor pressure hydrocarbons such as
propane, butane, iC5 are the types of products requiring pressurized
storage vessels (Mounded Bullets).
Note: We will basically focus on aboveground vertical storage tanks of various

types.

July 29, 2010
4.
Types of Tanks
Above & below-ground tanks:

There are many ways to classify the storage tanks. Most fundamental
classifications based on whether they are above ground or below
ground tank.
Above ground tank
The above ground tanks have almost all their structure exposed. The
bottom part of these tanks is placed directly above solid or concrete
foundation.
Advantages of these tanks are that they r easy to construct and can
be built in for large capacities and cost less than underground tanks
Below ground tank
These tanks have less capacity than above ground tanks and are
usually limited to between 20k liters (20 cum) to 75k liters (75cum)
Can store fuel as well as variety of chemicals
They are subjected to severe corrosion
Note: We will mainly focus on aboveground, vertical storage tanks of
various types
July 29, 2010
4.
Types of Vertical Tank
Open Top tank:

This type of tank has no roof and shall be used for storing city water,
fire water and cooling water

July 29, 2010
4.
Types of Vertical Tanks

Based on Type of Roof
A. Fixed Roof Tanks:

These tanks can be divided into cone and dome roof types and each can further
subdivided into non pressure, low pressure, high pressure & very high pressure
fixed roof tanks.
. Non pressure Fixed roof tanks are suitable at atmospheric pressure and are
therefore provided with open vents. The design pressure/vacuum is 10/ 5
mbar (g)
. Low pressure Fixed roof tanks are designed to work at low internal pressure or
vacuum. The design pressure/vacuum is 25/ 8.5 mbar (g). They are provided
with pressure/vacuum breather valves ser to be fully open at design pressure.
. High pressure Fixed roof tanks are designed to work at higher internal
pressure or vacuum and are also fitted with pressure/vacuum breather valves
set to be fully open at design pressures. The design pressure/vacuum is 60/
8.5 mbar (g).
. Very High pressure Fixed roof tanks are designed to work at higher internal
pressure or vacuum and are also fitted with pressure/vacuum breather valves
set to be fully open at design pressures. The design pressure/vacuum is 500 /
20 mbar (g).
Prepared
M.SIRAJUDIN
(Sr. store
Static Equipment
Engineer)
. Canby:be
used to
hydrocarbons
example in the IP code.
July 29, 2010
as per product classification as given for
4.
A.
Fixed Roof Tanks

A1
Cone Roof :
. These tanks have vertical sides and is equipped with a fixed cone shaped roof
that is welded on the sides of the tank.
. Bottom is usually flat & the top is made in the form of shallow cone.
. They are economical to built ,These are the most widely used tanks for storage
of relatively large quantities of fluid.
. pictureeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

July 29, 2010
4.
A.
(A1)
Fixed Roof Tanks :

Cone Roof :
Self Supported Cone roof:
As per API 650, the slope angle of these tanks should be 37 (slope 9:12) ,
9 (slope 2:12)
. These are relatively smaller sizes of tank
.

July 29, 2010
4.
A.
Fixed Roof Tanks :

A1.
Cone Roof :
Supported Cone Roof
. As per API 650 Slope of supported cone Roof is 19mm in 300mm or greater
approx 4
. Support can be in the form of Truss, Column .
. For large diameter fixed roof tanks single or multi column supported roof are
used.

July 29, 2010
4.
A.
(A1)
Fixed Roof Tanks :

Cone Roof : Single Column Supported Cone Roof ( construction of Roof)

July 29, 2010
4.
A.
A1

Fixed Roof tanks:
Cone Roof : Multi Column Supported Cone Roof

July 29, 2010
4.
A.
A2

Fixed Roof tanks
Dome Roof :
. Dome approximates a spherical surface. These tanks are self supported

July 29, 2010
4.
A.
Fixed Roof tanks
A3
With Internal Floating Cover (IFRT)
. In fixed roof tanks internal floating roof (IFC) can be installed to give a further
reduction of
vapor losses . These tanks can be designed as non, low & high
pressure tanks.
. For safety & environmental reasons, internal floating covers shall be of full
contact type.
. In addition to cone roof the tanks has an internal floating roof pan is provided
that floats directly on fuel surfece.

July 29, 2010
4.
A.

Fixed Roof tanks
A3
With Internal Floating Cover (IFRT) : Internal Views
. These types of tanks can easily be identified with open vents in the
tank side walls just beneath the roof joint

July 29, 2010
4.
A.
A3

Fixed Roof tanks
With Internal Floating Cover (IFRT) (Pictorial views)

July 29, 2010
4.
Internal view of an internal floating roof tank

July 29, 2010
4.
B. EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS (EFRT)

. Recommended for diameters of 15 m & above however can be used for small
diameters in special circumstances
. These types of tanks are designed to work at atmospheric pressure
. Diameters
. Common Types of Floating Roof Tanks are::
Pontoon Single Deck Floating Roof:
. A pontoon single deck type of roof consists of an outer pontoon ring divided by
bulk heads into liquid tight compartments with an inner section of ordinary
steel plates acting as single deck membrane.
. This type of roof is recommended for tanks diameters up to 48m.
Double deck Floating Roof:
. A double deck floating roof consist of an upper and lower deck extending over
entire area of liquid surface.
. The lower deck is separated from upper deck by circumferential rim plates and
radial bulk heads to form a liquid tight compartments.

July 29, 2010
4.

(site view)
July 29, 2010
4.

July 29, 2010
4.
Diagrammatic View

July 29, 2010
4.

Details of Flexible Seal employed for Floating Roof Tank
. The floating roof has mechanical seal attached to its full perimeter .
The rim seal covers the space between the floating roof and the tank
shell (side wall)

July 29, 2010
4.
B. EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS (EFRT) Pictorial view

July 29, 2010
4.
B. EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS (EFRT) Pictures from site
. The purpose of using floating roof (internal/external) is that they minimize evaporation by
covering the liquid surface

July 29, 2010
5.
Design Codes/Standards used for Tanks
COMMON INTERNATION ALSTANDARDS:

i.
.
.
ii.
.
.
iii.
.
API 650 : (American Standard)

Covers design fabrication, erection and testing requirements of vertical, above ground,
closed & open top welded steel storage tanks fro various sizes & capacities .
For internal pressure approximating atmospheric, but higher internal pressure is permitted
when addition requirements are met and Appendix F is followed.
API 620: (American Standard)
Covers large field assembled storage tanks that contain petroleum intermediates (gas or
vapour) and finished products.
The standard covers design & construction of large welded low pressure carbon steel above
ground storage tanks.
API 579: (American Standard)
is fitness for service standard and was developed to evaluate flaws & damage associated
with in service operation.

July 29, 2010
5.
a.

COMMON INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS:
iv.
BS EN 14015 ( British Standard)

Specification covers the design manufacturing of site built, vertical, cylindrical flat bottomed,
above f ground, welded steel tanks for storage of liquids at ambient temperature & above.
v.
Shell DEP ( 34.51.01.31-Gen)

Covers the design requirement of shop assembled and site built, vertical, cylindrical flat
bottomed, above ground, welded steel tanks
vi.
Shell DEP ( 64.51.01.31-Gen)

This is extension of above DEP & covers the Erection & Testing of vertical tanks
vii. UL 142 ( Underwriter laboratory)

.
Covers design & construction requirement of above ground storage tanks
viii. UL 52 ( Underwriter laboratory)
.
Covers design & construction requirement of below ground storage tanks

July 29, 2010
5.
b.

COMPANY STANDARDS:
1)
32-SAMSS-005 ( Manufacturing of Atmospheric Tanks)
2)
32-SAMSS-030 ( Manufacturing of Small Tanks)

July 29, 2010
6.
Question/ Queries?

July 29, 2010

July 29, 2010

Storage Tanks

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Prepared by: M.SIRAJUDIN (Sr.

Static Equipment Engineer)

July 29, 2010

Petrofac Saudi Arabia Ltd.

Introduction to Storage Tanks

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Tanks vary considerably, in the type and size, based on the

The failure of a tank can have several undesirable effects such as

Companies therefore, require a consistent approach for assessing

Reduce the potential for releases

Maintain tanks in safe operating conditions, and

Make repairs and determine when replacement is necessary.

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

The primary function of a storage tank is to store liquid substance. This

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Broadly, the storage tanks can be divided based on internal pressure:

Note: We will basically focus on aboveground vertical storage tanks of various

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Above & below-ground tanks:

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tank

Open Top tank:

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

A. Fixed Roof Tanks:

example in the IP code.

July 29, 2010

as per product classification as given for

Types of Vertical Tanks

Fixed Roof Tanks

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

Fixed Roof Tanks :

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

Fixed Roof Tanks :

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

Fixed Roof Tanks :

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

. Dome approximates a spherical surface. These tanks are self supported

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks

Storage Tanks ( basic info)

July 29, 2010

Types of Vertical Tanks