VOLTAGE STABILITY

FORECASTING USING
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
PRESENTED BY
A.RAMAKRISHNA
N.SRIKANTH
K.VAMSHI
S.RAJESH GOUD

Introduction
Voltage stability is concerned with the ability of a power

system to maintain acceptable voltages at all buses in the

system under normal conditions and after being subjected
to a disturbance.
Buses with values of voltage stability factors close to 1 .0
are identified as the critical buses. And after that, an
Artificial Neural Network is developed for voltage stability
monitoring.

Basic Structure of a Power

System

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES

Preparation Of Data For Load

Flow
Let real and reactive power generated at bus- i be denoted by PGi

and QGi respectively. Also let us denote the real and reactive
power consumed at the i th th bus by PLi and QLi respectively.
Then the net real power injected in bus- i is

Let the injected power calculated by the load flow program be Pi,

. Then the mismatch between the actual injected and

calculated values is given by
calc

Load Flow By NewtonRaphson Method

The approach to Newton-Raphson load flow is similar to that

of solving a system of nonlinear equations using the

Newton-Raphson method: At each iteration we have to
form a Jacobian matrix and solve for the corrections from an
equation of the type given in . For the load flow problem,
this equation is of the form

Load Flow Algorithm

The Newton-Raphson procedure is as follows:
Step-1: Choose the initial values of the voltage magnitudes |V|

of all np load
buses and n 1 angles (0) of the voltages of all the buses except the slack bus.
Step-2: Use the estimated |V|(0) and (0) to calculate a total n 1 number of
injected real power Pcalc(0) and equal number of real power mismatch P (0) .
Step-3: Use the estimated |V| (0) and (0) to calculate a total np number of injected
reactive power Qcalc(0) and equal number of reactive power mismatch Q (0) .
Step-3: Use the estimated |V| (0) and (0) to formulate the Jacobian matrix J (0) .
Step-4: Solve for (0) and |V| (0) |V| (0).
Step-5 : Obtain the updates from

Step-6: Check if all the mismatches are below a small number. Terminate the
process if yes. Otherwise go back to step-1 to start the next iteration with the
updates given by above equations.
(0)

Comparision between newton

raphson and fast decoupled
method
The main computational effort of the fast decoupled method

is the calculation at each iteration of the mismatch vector

change in real power and change in reactive
Consequently the first decupled method is much faster for
normal systems and for moderate accuracy
Typically a NR iteration takes around five times as long as a
fast decoupled iteration. However the fast decoupled
method requires more iterations than the NR method, taking
in the order of two times as many iterations for normal
power systems with normal loading conditions.

Artificial neural network

In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that

changes its structure based on external or internal

information that flows through the network during
the learning phase. Modern neural networks are
non-linear stastical data modelling tools. They are
usually used to model complex relationships
between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in
data.

An ANN is typically defined by three types of parameters:

The interconnection pattern between different

layers of neurons
The learning process for updating the weights
of the interconnections
The activation function that converts a
neuron's weighted input to its output
activation.

Principles of training multi-layer neural

network using backpropagation algorithm

Newton Raphson Outputs with Change of load

Per Unit inputs To Artificial neural network

SELECTION OF INPUT AND

TARGET DATA

CREATING NEURAL NETWORK

ANN ARCHITECTURE

The basic architecture consists of three types of neuron

layers: input, hidden, and output.

Ann outputs:

Weights And Bias:

This is impractical and it would be easier if only one of

the parameters should be adjusted. To cope with this

problem a bias neuron is invented.
The bias neuron lies in one layer, is connected to all
the neurons in the next layer, but none in the previous
layer and it always emits 1.
Since the bias neuron emits 1 the weights, connected
to the bias neuron, are added directly to the combined
sum of the other weights , just like the t value in the
activation functions.

GRAPHS

Comments:
1 All Buses are stable up to 110MW
2 Bus 4 is severely affected due to change in load at bus4

CONCLUSION
ANN is obtained for computing a certain quantity, its

computation is simply done by an algebraic calculation

using weights and coefficients. This is much simpler
than the numeric methods. The most complex
procedure is the training, and this can be compared to
the numeric methods in terms of their complexity.
The proposed ANN architecture is very efficient as far
as error control, since the ANN corresponding to each
bus can be trained separately.
The simulation results showed a very good
performance of the ANN for solving the problems that
were posed.

FUTURE SCOPE:
Further the project can be extended from 14

bus system to 30 bus system and also the

change in reactive power at load bus can also
be considered. Thus stability of buses can be
determined using artificial neural network.

THANK YOU