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Equivalent depth
In 1991 a closed-form expression was
developed for the equivalent depth
(d) that can replace the Hooghoudt
tables [6]:
d = L / 8 { ln(L/r) + F(x) } where:
x = 2 (Di Dd) / L
F(x) = 4e2nx / n (1 e2nx) , with n
= 1, 3, 5, . .
qL = (8Hm/L)(Kb.De+Ka.Ha)
(1)
Where:
q is the steady recharge of water percolating to the
water table equal to the drain discharge (m/day or
m/hr),
L is the drain spacing (m),
Hm is the height of the water table midway between
drains, taken with respect to the centre of the drain
(m),
Kb is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil below drain
level (m/day or m/hr),
Ka is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil above drain
level (m/day or m/hr),
Ha = Hm/2 is the average height of the water table
above drain level
Corrugated Pipes
Holes in pipes
Drain outlet
Mechanism of
Waterlogging in Pakistan
Previously there were inundation canals and water
equilibrium was maintained
As soon as water was brought from the rivers by the
large new irrigation systems, the dynamic equilibrium
between groundwater recharge and discharge was
disturbed.
The deep percolation of seepage from canals and
watercourses and from water applied to the lands for
irrigation formed a new increment of recharge which,
added to the normal recharge from the rivers and
precipitation, was greater than the rate at which water
could be discharged from the aquifer.
As a result, water tables started rising when the barrage
controlled irrigation systems were placed in operation.
No. of
Area
No. of
Surface
projects
served
tubewell
drains
(million
(km)
Tile drains
ha)
Punjab
Sindh
KPK
Baluchis
30
18
8
2
4.074
2.148
0.244
0.072
10 050
4 555
491
-
3243
7 178
773
322
2 763
976
5781
-
53 360
13 600
43 440
-
58
6.538
15 096
11 525
9 520
110 400
tan
Totals