WCDMA Fundamantels

MobileComm Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.

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Document Number: RK/CT/3/2010
This manual prepared by: MobileComm Technologies
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Fax: (972) 633-5106
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Objectives

W-CDMA
W-CDMA Fundamantels
Fundamantels
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
WCDMA Air Interface
WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

Agenda

WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

Access Technologies

TDMA

FDMA

Power

Power

Tim
e

n
ue
q
e
Fr

cy

W-CDMA

Tim
e

Power

Tim
e

cy
en
u
eq
Fr

Fre

y
nc
e
qu

WCDMA Cocktail Party

What do YOU hear...

If you only speak Japanese?
If you only speak English?
If you only speak Italian?
If you only speak Japanese, but the Japanese-speaking
person is all the way across the room?
If you only speak Russian, but the Spanish-speaking
person is talking very loudly?

UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA TDD

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number

of networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency

Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD
solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies

UMTS Air Interface technologies

W-CDMA: FDD or TDD
Power

Code Multiplex

Time

UMTS USER 2

FDD

UMTS USER 1

UL

DL
Frequency

5 MHz

Power

5 MHz

Duplex Spacing: 190 MHz

DL

Time

UL

UMTS USER 2

DL
DL

TDD

UL

Code Multiplex
&
Time Division

UMTS USER 1
666.67 s

5 MHz

Frequency

UMTS Air Interface technologies

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band
uplink and downlink are separated in time
flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for
asymmetrical traffic

WCDMA Technology

Users share same time and frequenc

Frequency

WCDMA
Carrier
3 .8 4 M H z

f
5 M Hz

5+5 MHz in FDD mode

5 MHz in TDD mode

WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

Time

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

responsible for national

frequency allocation &
licensing process
GSM spectrum refarming is
also possible

PCS

PCS

IMT-2000

Europe

UMTS
(FDD)

Japan

USA

Mobile
Satellit
e

ITU

2200 MHz

Mobile
Satellit
e

2150

IMT-2000

Mobile
Satellit
e

UMTS
(TDD)

2100

Mobile
Satellit
e

national regulation
authorities:

IMT-2000

PCS
unlicensed

PHS

World Radio Conference

WRC 1992: IMT-2000
frequency allocation
proposals

(TDD)

UMTS
(FDD)

UMTS
(TDD)

GSM
1800

DECT

setting requirements for 3G

/ 4G Mobile Communication
(IMT-2000 / IMT-Advanced)

IMT-2000

IMT-2000
UMTS
(TDD)

responsible for world-wide

Radio Communication
aspects

2050

Mobile
Satellit
e

ITU-R

2000

Mobile
Satellit
e

1950

Mobile
Satellit
e

1900

Mobile
Satellit
e

1850

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Release 99
I
1920 1980 MHz
2110 2170 MHz
UMTS only
in Europe, Japan, India
II
1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz
US PCS, GSM1900

New in Release 5
III

1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz

GSM1800

New in Release 6
IV
V
VI

1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHzUS 2.1 GHz band

824-849MHz
869-894MHz
US cellular, GSM850
830-840 MHz
875-885 MHz Japan

New in Release 7
VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
VIII 880-915 MHz
925-960 MHz GSM900
IX
1749.9-1784.9 MHz
1844.9-1879.9 MHz

Japan

UMTS frequency allocations

1920 MHz

UMTS-2100

1980 MHz

2110 MHz

Uplink

2170 MHz

Downlink

Duplex Frequency : 2110-1920 = 190 MHz

Bandwidth
Carriers

UL : 1959 MHz 1979 MHz

DL : 2149 MHz 2169 MHz

:1980-1920 = 60 MHz
: 60 / 5 = 12

Frequency channel numbering

UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)
UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):

UARFCN Uplink/Downlink

= 5 fCenterUplink/Downlink [MHz]

with
0.0 MHz <= fCenterUplink/Downlink <=3276.6 [MHz]
UARFCN is integer:
0 <= UARFCN <= 16383

Center Frequency
Center Frequency fcenter
Consequence of UARFCN formula (see previous slide):

fcenter must be set in steps of 0.2MHz (Channel Raster=200 kHz)

fcenter must terminate with an even number (e.g 1927.4 not 1927.5)

fcenter values
Uplink (1920Mhz-1980MHz)
1922.4MHz <= fcenter <= 1977.6MHz
9612 <= UARFCN Uplink <= 9888
Downlink (2110Mhz-2170MHz)
2112.4MHz <= fcenter <= 2167.6MHz
10562 <= UARFCN Downlink <= 10838

WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA

(WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency
Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between
frequencies

Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between
GSM and UMTS

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates

WCDMA

GSM

5 MHz

200 kHz

118

Power control
frequency

1500 Hz

2 Hz or lower

Quality control

Radio resource
management algorithms

Network planning
(frequency planning)

Frequency diversity

5 MHz bandwidth gives

multipath diversity with
Rake receiver

Carrier spacing
Frequency reuse factor

Services with
Different quality
requirements

Packet data
Downlink transmit
diversity

Efficient
packet data

Frequency hopping

Load-based packet
scheduling

Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS

Supported for
improving downlink
capacity

Not supported by the

standard, but can be
applied

Agenda

WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Channelization Code
Scrambling Code
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

WCDMA Features

Separate users through different codes

Large bandwidth

Continuous transmission and reception

Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1

No frequency planning

Scrambling code planning

5 MHz carrier separation

Fast Power Control

Soft/Softer Handover

Admission Control

Congestion Control

3GPP : 3rd Generation Partnership Project

CDMA
tim

code

Code-Division
Multiple Access

frequency

http://www.3gpp.org

Spreading Principle
Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)

Separates users through different codes

Codes are used for two purposes:

Differentiate channels/users

Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

t
MS 1
MS 2
MS 3

Code

WCDMA (5 MHz)
IS-95 (1.25 MHz)

f
5 MHz

CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)

Spreading Principle
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)

Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same
scrambling code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip

Chip
+1

Spreading Code

-1
+1

Spread Signal

-1

Air Interface

g
n
i
d
a
e
r
p
Des

+1
-1
+1

Data
-1

Common Technical Terms

Bit, Symbol, Chip:

A bit is the input data which contain information

A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block

interleaving

A chip is the output of spreading

Processing Gain:

Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.

Closely related to spreading factor, SF.

Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to

mobile station
Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to
base station

Block Diagram of WCDMA System

Source coding

Channel
coding

Spreading

Modulation

Radio channel

Source
decoding

Channel
decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

WCDMA System

Source Coding

Voice : Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps

Channel Coding

CRC Attachment.
Check for error during transmission.
Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information
Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission

Convolutional or Turbo Coding

Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling
Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than convolutional coding

Interleaving
Distribute error over data transmitted

Rate Matching
Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading
Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing

Energy Box
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Originating Bit

Fr
eq
ue
nc
y

Ba
nd

Power/Hz

Received Bit

Duration
(t = 1/Rb)

Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density

BUT

Same Energy per Bit

Spreading Principle
User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them with
a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over
the air interface.

Information signal

Spreading signal

Transmission signal

Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps

Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus

increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol
is called the Spreading Factor SF .The operation is done through
multiplication with OVSF code.

Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.

Chips after
spreading

Data bit

OVSF
code

Scrambling
code

DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF
codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}

Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair
in the code set equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference
between users of same cell

Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation

between different channels can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell
Uplink channels from a single user

Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited
in an asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL

Channelisation Code Tree

SF=1

SF=2

SF=4

SF=8

C16(0)=[....
........]
C16(1)=[....
C4(0)=[11
........]
C16(2)=[....
11]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1........]
C16(3)=[....
1-1]
........]
C16(4)=[....
C8(2)=[11-1........]
C16(5)=[....
111-1-1]
C4(1)=[11........]
C16(6)=[....
1-1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] ........]
C16(7)=[....
........]
C16(8)=[....
C8(0)=[1-11-11........]
C16(9)=[....
11-1]
C4(2)=[1........]
C16(10)=[....
11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11.......]
C16(11)=[.....
11]
......]
C16(12)=[...
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1- ........]
C16(13=[....
11]
C4(3)=[1-1.......]
C16(14)=[...
11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11........]
C16(15)=[...
111-1]
........]
C8(0)=[11111
111]

C2(0)=[11
]

C0(0)=
[1]

C2(1)=[11]

SF=16

...

SF=256 SF=512

SF and Service Rate

Symbol Rate*SF=Chip Rate

In WCDMA system, if chip rate=3.84MHz, SF=4, then symbol

rate=960Kbps.

Symbol Rate=(Service Rate + Checking Code)*Channel Coding Rate*

Repeat or Puncture Rate

In WCDMA system, if service rate=384Kbps, channel coding=1/3 Turbo

coding, then symbol rate=960Kbps;

Correlation Function
Correlation using channelization codes
(a) Same channelization code;

Input Data

Channelization code
in Transmitter

-1 +1

(b) Different channelization codes

+1

- 1

+1

1 +1 +1

1 +1

-1

-1 +1

1 +1 +1

-1 +1

1 +1 +1

1 +1

-1

+1 1 +1

x
Channelization Code
used in Receiver

-1 +1

1 +1 +1

1 +1

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Divide by
Code Length

-1

-1 +1

1 +1 +1

1 1 +1

-1

1 +1

=
1 1 +1

-1

-1 +1

1 +1 +1

1 +1

-1

Transmitter

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

+1 1 +1

1 +1

Integrate
Result

1 +1

=
Transmitted
Sequence

; (c) Same code with non - zero time offset

-1 -1 +1

1 +1 +1

1 +1

=
1 +1

+1 1 1 1 +1

1 1 - 1

Integrate

Integrate

Integrate

-4

+1

- 0.5

Receiver

Spreading Principle
Case 1
+1
Spreading

0
-1
+1

+1

0
-1

User

-1

data

+1
0

11 001100

Spreading
code

-1

Despreading

+1

11 001100

-1

Case 2
+1
0

+1

Chip

-1

sequence

+1

-1

0
-1
+1
0
-1

101 01010

Spread Spectrum Gain

Benefits of Spreading

NBI

MOD

384 kbps

WBI

3.84 Mcps

DEM

Spreading code

NBI

Spreading factor

f
P

Processing gain
Rchip
G=
Rbit

DET

WBI

P
4

MOD - modulation

DEM - demodulation
F - filtering
DET - detection
NBI - narrow-band interference
WBI - wide-band interference

P
5

Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

Power density
(W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.9
8 dB

Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Power density
(W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10
dB

Spreading sequences
have a different length
Processing gain
depends on the user
data rate

Processing gain: G p dB
Frequency (Hz)

W
R

Processing gain

The more processing gain the system has, the

more the power of uncorrelated interfering signals
is suppressed in the despreading process.
Thus, processing gain can be seen as an
improvement factor in the SIR (Signal to
Interference Ratio) of the signal after despreading.

Example: Voice AMR 12.2 Kbps

Gp= 10*log(3840000/12200)= 25 dB.
After despreading the signal power has to be typically
few dB above the interference and noise: Eb/No = 5dB;
therefore the required wideband signal-to-interference
ratio is 5dB Gp= -20 dB.
In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the
interference and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the
signal.

Transmission Power

Power density

High bit rate user

Frequency

5MHz

Low bit rate user

Time
Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power

Channelization Codes
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels coming from the same NodeB

CC1, CC2

CC3, CC4
CC5, CC6, CC7

In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control)
channels from the same UE

CC1 , CC2, CC3

CC1, CC2

CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

Scrambling Codes
After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special code to
distinguish between different transmitters.
Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be synchronized
The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code length longer
codes, better separation (but not 100%)
Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

Scrambling Codes
In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell (assigned
by operator SC planning)
In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned by
network)
Cell 1 transmits using SC1

SC1

SC1

SC3

SC4

Cell 2 transmits using SC2

SC2

SC5

SC2

SC6

Scrambling Code planning example

SC 48
SC 64

SC 0
SC 16

SC 56

SC 40
SC 8

SC 49

SC 24
SC 32

SC 1
SC 17

SC 65
SC 57

SC 41
SC 9

SC 25
SC 33

Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Half rate speech

Full rate speech
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps

RSymbol

SF

Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)

Modulation :
DL : QPSK, 16 QAM.
UL : BPSK

DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio
frame
Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically
repeated to get the scrambling code of the frame length
Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
512
512DL
DLPrimary
PrimaryScrambling
ScramblingCodes
Codes
16.7
UL
Scrambling
Codes
16.7million
million UL Scrambling Codes

Basic W-CDMA Terminologies

Eb/No
W-CDMA

TDMA-GSM
1
2

1
2
3

1
4

2
3

4
1

4
3
1

Power spectrum

Eb/No
C
N
I

Eb/Io is the Bit Energy we obtain after despreading in the presence of the Noise generated by
all other users and the Noise from NodeB equipment.

Basic W-CDMA Terminologies

Eb/No -> Eb = Energy per bit, No = Noise Spectral Density
[ Sensitivity of Base Station]

Uplink Eb/No = Minimum Signal/Noise to achieve any Service

BER (Bit Error Rate) = Function of Eb/No

SNR = C/I = Eb/No - Processing Gain

Coverage Limits
Service provided: Speech

Service provided: Data 144

Received

Eb/No
require
d

Interference level

SF = 8

Eb/No
require
d

SF = 128

Example: 2 UEs at the

same distance from the
BTS using 2 data rates

Received

power

Interference level

power

User 2 needs more power for the

UL & DL for the same quality as
user 1

UE2

UE1

Node B
Speech 8 kbps

The higher the SF, the less power required

Data 144 kbps

Coverage Limits

SF = 128

SF = 32

SF = 4

Speech 8 kbps

Data 64 kbps

Data 384 kbps

Node B

The coverage limits are determined by

the Uplink link Budget

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Codes Multiplexing

Do w n l i n k

1 - Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal

Node B

Codes Multiplexing
2 - Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal

Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal

Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal

NodeB

Channelization and Scrambling Codes

Pilot, Broadcast

Voice
Conversation

2 data channels
(voice, control)
SC1 + CC1 + CC2

SC1 + CCP + CCB

1 data channels
(control)
SC1 + CC3

Uplink
Packet Data

2 data channels
(14 kbps data, control)
SC4 + CC1 + CC2

2 data channels
(voice, control)
SC3 + CC1 + CC2

Pilot, Broadcast

SC2 + CCP + CCB

Videoconference

3 data channels
(voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3

3 data channels
(voice, video, control)
SC5 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3

4 data channels
(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7

4 data channels
(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4

Videoconference
with Data

DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

Radio frame = 15 time slots

CHANNELISATION codes:
Pilot

CODE 1

BCCH

P-CPICH
Pilot

User 1

X
CODE 2

BCCH

User 2

P-CCPCH

User 3

X
SUM

CODE 3

User 1

DPCH1

CODE 4

User 2

Time

3.84 MHz
RF carrier

SCRAMBLING
CODE

DPCH2

CODE 5

User 3

DPCH3

3.84 MHz bandwidth

RF

Physical Layer Structure

UMTS Frame Format

Slot = 0.667 ms = 2560 chips

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #j

Slot #14

Frame = 15 slots = 10 ms = 38400 chips

(38400*1000/10 = 3.84 Mcps)

Frame #0 Frame #1

Frame #i

System frame = 4096 frames = 40.96 seconds

Frame #4095

WCDMA Parameters

Agenda

WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio
resources:
Transmission power and interference
Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done
all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and
nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and
optimised by several RRM functionalities
service
quality

Optimization
and Tailoring

cell coverage

cell capacity

RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION

Radio Resource Management

Basic RRM functions

* Power Control

To
To adjust
adjust the
the transmit
transmit powers in upilnk and
downlink
downlink to
to the
the minimum level
level required
required to
to
enshure
enshure the
the demanded
demanded QoS
QoS

Power Control

Takes
Takes care
care that
that aa connected
connected user
user is
is handed
handed
over
over from
from one
one cell
cell to
to another
another as
as he
he moves
moves
through
through the
the coverage
coverage area
area of
of a mobile
mobile
network.
network.

Handover
Control

* Handover Control
* Congestion Control
* Resource Management
Let
Let users
users set
set up
up or
or reconfigure
reconfigure aa radio
radio access
access
bearer(RAB)
bearer(RAB) only
only if
if these
these would
would not
not overload
overload
the
the system
system and
and if
if the
the necessary
necessary resources
resources are
are
available.
available.
Takes
Takes care
care that
that aa system
system temporarily
temporarily going
into
into overload
overload is
is returned
returned to
to aa non-overloaded
non-overloaded
situation.
situation.

Admission
control

Load control

Packet data
scheduling

To
To handle
handle all
all non-realtime
non-realtime traffic,allocate
traffic,allocate
optimum
optimum bit
bit rates
rates and
and schedule
schedule transmission
transmission
of
of the
the packet
packet data,
data, keeping
keeping the
the required
required QoS
QoS
in
in terms
terms of
of throughput
throughput and
and delays.
delays.

To
To control
control the
the physical and logical radio
resources
resources under
under one
one RNC;to
RNC;to coordinate
coordinate the
the
usage
usage of
of the
the available
available hardware
hardware resouces
resouces and
and
to
to manage
manage the
the code
code tree.
tree.

Congestion Control

Resource
Manager

To ensure that
ensure that
theTonetwork
the within
network
stays
within
thestays
planned
the planned
condition
condition

RRM Functionalities

LC

PS
RM

AC
For each cell

LC

Load Control

AC

Admission Control

PS

Packet Scheduler

RM

Resource Manager

PC

Power Control

HC

HO Control

PC
HC
For each connection/user

Load Control (LC)

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC
& PS
LC updates load status using measurements & estimations
provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels (UL)

Load change
info

BTS power level (DL)

LC

AC

Load
status

NRT
load

PS

Load Control Load Status

Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters

Overload
threshold x

Overload

Load Target
threshold y

Load Margin

Power

Normal load

Time
Free capacity

Measured load

Admission Control (AC)

Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage
or quality of existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks
Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load
increase by the new connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time
In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
Connection QoS definition
Bit rate, BER target etc.
Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and
minimum power)

Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections
to non-real time (NRT) connections
Each cell separately
Based on QoS priority level of the connection
In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)
PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority

Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the

RNC in co-operation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM
allocates:
DL spreading code
UL scrambling code
Code Type
Scrambling codes

Uplink
User separation

Downlink
Cell separation

within one cell

Spreading codes
Data & control channels from same Users
UE

Agenda

WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

Power Control

Concept : Power is a common resource in WCDMA

Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all
communication links

Strategy :
Power control on COMMON CHANNELS ensures there is sufficient coverage
to establish connections and transfer date on common transport channels
Power control on DEDICATED CHANNELS (DCH) ensures sufficient
connection quality while minimizing impact on other connections.

Power Control or Rate Control

Power control strategy (R99): adjust transmitted power while keeping
the data rate constant
Rate control strategy (HSDPA): adjust the data rate while keeping the
transmitted power constant

Near-Far-Problem

UE 1

UE 2
Before despreading

After despreading

Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2

If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam
UE2 :
so-called near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow
AND fast fading!

Power Control Types

Open loop power Control

Without power control

Initial power setting

PTX

Outer Loop (RNC)

With power control

PTX

Adjust quality target

dependent on
performance
fading

channel

Inner Loop (fast power

control-NodeB)
compensates for fading
channels

PRX

fading

channel

PRX

needs dedicated control

channel for power control
commands
t

Power Control types

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

UE
Closed Loop Power Control

Node B
DL Outer Loop
Power Control

BLER target

UL Outer Loop
Power Control

RNC

Open Loop Power Control

Controlled by UE.
Determine UE initial transmission power for random access procedure.
Not in use when inner loop power control running.
UE obtain information from network on:
CPICH power
Uplink interference level
Constant value (Default = 2dB)

UE Initial Power = CPICH power CPICH_RSCP + UL interference + Constant

PRACH Tx power

System information :
CPICH power, UL interference & constant

Open Loop Power Control

Power Ramping on PRACH

powerOffsetPpm
powerOffsetP0
powerOffsetP0

Inner Closed Loop Power Control

Located in UE & NodeB

Power Control Bit

SIR threshold
(SIR)measured

Controls power of dedicated physical channels

Power controls occurs at 1500Hz, thus known as
fast power control

UE3
NodeB

NodeB and UE continuously measure and compare

SIRmeasured with SIRthreshold value, and inform each
other to increase /reduce its power accordingly.

UE1

UE2
With Optimum Power Control

UE2
UE3
UE1
UE4

Received power at NodeB

UE4

Received power at NodeB

Without Power Control

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE4

Outer Closed Loop Power Control

Adjust SIR for every user
Needed to keep track of changes in radio environment
Aims to provide required quality
If SIRthreshold reaches its maximum, system has to perform

- inter-frequency/inter-system handover
- RRC connection release
RNC

SIR threshold

BER/BLER Value

Change in (SIR)threshold

Power Control

TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each

connection is received with the required Eb/No
of its service
Uplink: Avoid Near-Far-Problem
Downlink: Power share allocation

Policy: No one gets a higher quality (Eb/No)

than he needs. Everyone gets exactly the
required quality or is not served at all
no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles
no waste of common power resource in the downlink

PC
PC Gain:
Gain:
Lower
Lower Eb/No
Eb/No

Importance of Power Control

Minimizes the Interference and there by enhances capacity and quality.
It helps allowing as many users as possible while keeping the interference as
minimum as possible
It maintains the quality of all radio connections by controlling the transmit power
in both the links.
Power Control aims at using the minimum required SIR for the quality of
connection to remain sufficient. No excessive quality.
Power Control on common channels ensures that their coverage is sufficient for
call setup
It provides protection against slow fading and fast fading.
Efficient power control avoids the near-far problem.
Power control works efficiently during transmission gap in compressed mode by
bring the SIR back close to the target SIR.
It helps reducing the battery consumption

Agenda

WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves
around the network coverage area
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by
strongest cell

Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations

Softer handover
MS handover within one base station but between different sectors

Hard handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA
and GSM

Soft/Softer Handover
Soft/softer handover is important for efficient power control. Without soft/softer
handover there would be near-far scenarios of a UE penetrating from one cell
deeply into an adjacent cell without being power controlled by the latter.
Soft Handover: UE connected to two or more NodeBs at the same time.
Softer Handover: UE connected to two or more sector of the same NodeB.

Softer HandOver

Macro-Diversity
Data UL1
Data UL2

Data UL

Data DL1
RNC

Data UL

Data UL

Node B
(BTS)

UE
Data DL2

Data DL1
Data DL2

Data DL

Data DL

Data UL
Data DL

Core
Network

Soft HandOver Intra RNC

Macro-Diversity
Data UL1
Data UL2

Data DL1
Data UL1
Data UL

Data UL

Data UL1
Node B
(BTS)

RNC
Data UL

Data DL1
Data UL2

Data DL
UE

Data DL2
Data DL2

Data UL2

Node B
(BTS)

Data DL1
Data DL2

Data DL

Core
Network

Soft HandOver Inter RNC

Soft Hand Over Inter RNC: Serving RNC (SRNC) and Drift RNC
(DRNC)
Data DL1
Data DL2

Data DL
Data UL1
Data UL2

Data UL

SRNC
Data DL1

Data UL

Data UL1
Data UL
Node B
(BTS)

Data UL

Data DL1
Data DL

Data DL2
Data UL

Data UL2

UE
Data DL2
Data DL2

Node B
(BTS)

Data UL2

DRNC

Core
Network

Hard Handover

Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies

and between WCDMA and GSM cells

GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS

GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
Inter-System Handovers (ISHO)

ff1
1

ff1
1
Inter-Frequency Handovers (IFHO)

ff2
2

ff2
2

ff2
2

ff2
2

Soft/Softer Handover
Soft HO
In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level RNC

selection diversity
In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE
For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different locations of Node Bs
many multipaths

Softer HO
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B
In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE
For UL & DL less decorrelation due to same location of sectors less
multipaths

RNC

Soft/Softer Handover Power Control

Uplink Power is based on information (TPC bits) from both NodeBs to which the UE is
connected. The UE will decrease its output power in all cases except when both NodeBs
send increase power commands.
Downlink Power control for both NodeBs is based on one signal (TPC bits) from the UE (it
does not distinguish between NodeBs and the decision is base on the combined output from
the RAKE receiver

UL Power control

DL Power control

Agenda

WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

Few Basics.

COVERAGE

POWER
CAPACITY

QUALITY

Understanding Power Control

LOWER Power
Per User HIGHER
Number of Users

HIGHER Power Per

User LOWER
Number of Users

Interference

Power Ctrl
ON
OFF

No or Improper Power Control leads to High interference that impacts

Coverage, Capacity and Quality

UL/DL Capacity Limitation

Scenario 1: Capacity limitation due to UL interference

The cell cant serve UE1 because the increase in UL interference by adding the new user would be too high, resulting in a high
risk of drops
Scenario 2: Capacity limitation due to DL power
The cell cant serve UE2 because its using all its available power to maintain the connections to the other UEs

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

UE1

UE2

Cell Breathing
The more traffic, the more interference and the shorter the distance must be
between the Node B and the UE.
The traffic load changes in the system causes the cells to grow and shrink with time

Node B

Node B

Fully loaded system

Unloaded system

Agenda

WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
Rake receiver

Maximum ratio combining

Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between different replica
of the desired signal

Multipath Propagation
Time Dispersion

0 1 2 3

The Rake Receiver

Each multi-path component is called a finger
Estimation of radio channel properties for each finger:
delay
amplitude and
Phase
The Rake receiver combines multi-path components by
coherent combining of multi-path components belonging
to the respective user.

Maximum ratio combining RAKE

Each finger tracks a different multipath component and other cells during Soft
Handover
A maximum ratio combining produces the output
Search Finger is used to determine when to perform handovers
Buffer/delay

Channel

Correlators
Finger #1
C
O
Finger #2

M
B

Sum of individual multipath

components

I
Finger #3

N
E
R

Finger #N

Searcher Finger

Power measurements of
neighbouring NodeBs

Taking advantage of Multipath: Rake Receiver

Take advantage of
multipath diversity

RX

Delay ( n)

C(t- n)

Delay 1

D(t)
TX

UE

C(t)

RX

Delay ( 1)

RX

Delay ( 0)

C(t- 1)

Delay 0

Spreading &
Scrambling

BTS

C(t- 0)
0

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