13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Thinned Walled Vessels, Strain Gauges

and Power Transmission.

What stresses should we consider for a thin

walled vessel?
What can strain gauges tell us?
How do we calculate shaft power?
How do we calculate torque in geared shafts?

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Thin Walled Pressure

Vessels
We often need to predict the stress in boilers and
tanks.
To calculate the stresses when they are thin walled,
we assume that
The radius to thickness ration is large, i.e., r/t > 10
Stress distribution through thickness is constant

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Gauge Pressure
What is gauge pressure?
It is the pressure above normal atmospheric
pressure.
We are interested in the pressure differential
between the inside and the outside of the vessel.
This means that we generally use the gauge
pressure inside the vessel.

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Cylindrical Vessels
The skin is stressed due to the circumference trying to expand,
assuming positive internal pressure, and due to the ends being
pushed outwards by the internal pressure.

1 Circumferential
2 Longitudinal

1
2

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Circumferential (Hoop)
Stresses
Equilibrium of forces

21 t.dy P 2r.dy 0
dy

t = Vessel wall thickness

P = Vessel pressure

Therefore

Pr
1
t

2r

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Longitudinal Stresses
2

Equilibrium of forces

2 2rt pr

t = Vessel wall thickness

Therefore

pr
2
2t

P
2

2r

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Cylindrical Vessels
Hoop stress is twice as large as longitudinal stress

Longitudinal joints must carry twice as

much stress as circumferential joints

pr
1
t

pr
2
2t

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Spherical Vessels
Equilibrium of forces

2 2rt P r 0
2

Therefore

Pr
2
2t

P
2

But this will be the same in any direction, because

of spherical symmetry.

2r

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Strain Gauges

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Axial Strain

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

How do they work?

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

The strain is proportional to the voltage measured at V.

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Strain Rosettes

For each spoke, we can use

gauge X cos 2 Y sin 2 XY cos sin

And we have three equations for three unknowns

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Lets look at the example of a 45 or "rectangular"
rosette
C
B

Measure the three strains

A , B and C

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

gauge X cos 2 Y sin 2 XY cos sin Eqn 4.1

cos 0 1
sin 0 0

1
2
1
sin 45
2
cos 45

Using 4.1 we obtain

A X
1
1
1
B X Y XY
2
2
2

C Y

cos 90 0
sin 90 1

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Re arrange

1
1
1
B X Y XY
2
2
2

Therefore we now have the

3 components of planar stress

X A

Y C

XY 2 B A C

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Power Transmission
through Shafts
Power (Watts) = Torque (Nm) x Angular Speed (rads/Sec)

RPM
The angular speed = 2f 2
60
Power in = Power Out + Losses

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

A pump is rated at 135HP (1HP = 746 W) at a speed of 1500 rpm.
The drive shaft to the pump sits in two bearings and ends in a 60 tooth gear wheel enclosed in a gear box.
The gear wheel meshes with a second gear of 20 teeth.
The gear box is driven via an electric motor whose output shaft is 30mm in diameter.
Assuming 10% power losses in the gearbox (pump side), what torque must the motor be able to provide at rated speed?
Pump power consumed (W) = 746 x 135 = 100710 W
Motor power provided (W) = 100710 / 0.9 = 111900 W
Pump speed (Hz) = 1500 / 60

Pump speed (rads/S) = 2 x 3.14 x 1500 / 60 = 157 Rads/S

Motor speed (Hz) = (1500 / 60) x (60/20)

Motor Speed (rads/S) = 471 Rads/S

Motor torque x Motor speed = Motor power

Motor torque (Nm) = 111900 / 471 = 237.58 Nm
If the maximum shear stress allowable is 55 MPa, would a 30mm diameter solid shaft be sufficient for the motor?

MM

max

Motor
Gearbox

Pump

Tc

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

Motor torque (Nm) = 237.58 Nm
Max allowable shear stress 55MPa
Shaft diameter = 30mm

max

Tc

J C 4 0.0154
2
2
max

2 237.58
3

0.015

44.81MPa

If the main body of the motor armature had a shaft size of

60mm OD and reduced via a 6mm radius fillet to the
smaller shaft, would the shaft be suitable?

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials

If the main body of the armature had a shaft size of 60mm OD and reduced via a 6mm radius fillet to the smaller shaft,
would the shaft be suitable?

D 60

2
d 30
r
6

0.2
d 30
K= 1.3 (from chart)
Corrected stress....
max K 44.81
58.26 MPa 55MPa

13MMA100 Mechanics of Materials