Coastal Navigation

CHARTWORK AND
FIXING
A Brief by Lance Grindley
Gruntproductions 2009
CHARTWORK CONVENTIONS
Planned Track (To be made good):
A bold thick line.
Course: Along the track.
14
0
Course to Steer: In brackets.

Speed: Vertically in a box.
(1
42
)
12
0800
DR (Dead Reckoning): Allowing for direction steered

at speed through the water only and for NO OTHER factors.
Tidal Stream: Three arrow heads from a tidal diamond,
show rate and effective time.
06
B
060900
1.2
Wind:
Force 5
EP (Estimated Position): Estimated from course steered through water,

allowing for wind, tidal stream, current etc.
06
230
Distance to Destination
Shown in miles.
0800
Expected time in a position

Darkness
Across the track
1810 SS
Wolf Rock Lt
Raising and Lowering of Lights

0547SR
Change of Chart
Chart 2052
POSITION LINES
Visual bearing from an object
Visual bearing transferred

Radar range/VSA
Astronomical position line
Radio Fixing Aid
SUN
0932
0900
Position line by transit
f
Ship
19
5(
19
6)
Potential Dangers - near track should

be highlighted
T
NM
T
0
16
090
NM
Wheel over bearings (2) - show

position and est time with open
arrow head, show wheel if not
standard
140
NMT 176
Clearing Bearings - Solid arrow

heads towards object, NMT or NLT
181(182)
Safe Depth - hatch in

LDL for ship and HOT
0
20
105
(10
4)
POSITION LINES LEADING TO FIXES

Compass or Gyro bearing (3 or more)
Transit (must be sensitive)
Relative bearing
Horizontal Sextant Angle
Vertical Sextant Angle
Range by optical instruments
Range by raising/lowering of lights
(Horizon range)
POSITION LINES LEADING TO FIXES

Soundings
Astronomical position line
Radar range
D/F bearing
Radio fixing aids
USING CHARTS
Always use the largest scale chart
appropriate to the purpose:

Corrected first.
More detail.
Use nearest compass rose:
Correct Variation.
Less projection distortion.
Parallel ruler has less distance to travel.
USING CHARTS
Transfer position by range and bearing and
Lat and Long.

Check unit of depth.
Measure distance opposite latitude Mercator.
Only one chart on the table at any one time.
Use soft pencil - Dont dig.
Dont doodle !!!!
CHANGING CHARTS
Transferred positions may be fix, DR or EP.
Transfer position by range and bearing and
Lat and Long.

Note down position in Nav Record Book.
Plot onto new chart.
Fix to verify position as soon as practicable.
The Fix
Visual Fix :
-made up of transits,
gyro bearings or
compass bearings
Radar Fix:
-made up of at
least three
radar ranges
092
6
095
7
FIXING
Cross
cut of 2 position lines. 3 position

lines are used as error check.
Use Visual / radar conspicuous points.
Are points charted ?
Avoid blind arcs (visual and radar).
Aim for a good angle of cut.
Aim to fix at least every 6 minutes.
Horizontal Sextant Angles

Advantages
Potentially the most accurate method of
fixing.
Freedom from Gyro repeats.
Can be used in event of Gyro failure .
Disadvantages
Takes longer to obtain the fix.
Manpower intensive.
Requires three suitable fixing points
Chord of a Circle
HSA FIX
0900
HSA FIX
Plotted
using:
HSA Lattice chart.
Douglas Protractor.
Station Pointer.
Beware
of circular fixes.
When not to fix by HSA or bearings
q
f
q
Possible
Positions
q
f
Douglas protractor
FIXING BY RELATIVE ANGLES
Co
u
rse
03
G15
G45
30
35
G80
VISUAL FIX
Ship Movement:
Delay between first and
last bearing been taken.
Approx 10-15 Secs =
30 100m at 12 Kts
Duration of fix
Sources of the Cocked Hat

Reading
Error:
+/- 1/2
approx 50 Meters at 3nm
Compass
Error:
Gyro Compass accurate to +/- 1.
0.3 = 33 meters at 3nm.
Detection of Gyro Error

Transits.
Bearing
of celestial body.
Line of Jetty.
Comparison of observed / charted
bearing from a known position.
Reduction of a cocked hat using
Station Pointer.
Running Fix
45
0900
0900
0900
Range by Vertical Angle

Angle
measured by sextant.
Elevation of charted objects
given above the Datum of MHWS.
Value of MHWS either given or
obtained from Tidal Level Table
on chart.
Height of tide usually given.
Beware of index error if given.
Nories Tables
Distance
by Vertical Angle (page
478)
Calculator can be used if
desired.
Tan VSA = h/d where h is height
of object and d is distance from
object.
Calculating VSA (1)
Elevation
MHWS
Calculating VSA (2)
Elevation
Sea Level
Chart Datum
MHWS
Height of Tide
Calculating VSA (3)
Elevation
Sea Level
Chart Datum
MHWS
Height of Tide
Fixing by a bearing and a sounding
M97/1295-9-13
Fixing
Procedure
Select objects (consult chart)
Write down in notebook
Shoot up objects - think ahead
Take 3 bearings and shoot up a further mark
Time fix to coincide with DR/EP
Take bearings quickly (remember last 2 digits)
Bow/Quarter first, beam last
Note time
Plot
Selection of
Marks
Good cut
Near objects to reduce errors
Charted and visible!
All visible from same repeater
Are they circular?
SHOOTING UP
A) By bearings
from fixes
FS
1000
190
1015
8
1030
Bn
SHOOTING UP
B) By transits
FS
1000
A. Buoy O Hotel 117

B. Buoy O Church 088
190
Bn
Hotel
Conspic
OPENING BEARING
All Saints
pens
0
All S
aints
o
All saints will appear

when Stab Pt bears 018
18
First church will open
W/O
Stab Pt
The DR Position
0900
Course Steered and Speed
through the water
Fix
30
The EP Position
0900
through the water
Fix
Course and Speed Made Good
30
Tidal
Stream
Vector
30
Course to Steer
Fix
Speed Made Good
Course Required
Course to Steer
Tidal
Stream
Vector
Radius Vector for

Speed through the
water
Course to Steer (3)
Speed Made Good

Course to Steer
Tidal
Stream
Vector
This is a vector (relative velocity)

triangle which can be constructed
in any convenient position such as
the Compass Rose
Assessing the Tidal

Stream
through the water
1415
Cours
e and
27
Speed
Made
Good
1427
EP Based on Fixes
through the water
1415
Cours
e and
27
31
Speed
Made
Good
1427
To reach a required
position
15
1500
A A
1410
Direction (Course) and Distance to
be steamed in the next 45 minutes
Any
Questions

Coastal Navigation

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CHARTWORK AND

Course to Steer: In brackets.

DR (Dead Reckoning): Allowing for direction steered

EP (Estimated Position): Estimated from course steered through water,

Expected time in a position

Raising and Lowering of Lights

Visual bearing from an object

Visual bearing transferred

Position line by transit

Potential Dangers - near track should

Wheel over bearings (2) - show

Clearing Bearings - Solid arrow

Safe Depth - hatch in

POSITION LINES LEADING TO FIXES

POSITION LINES LEADING TO FIXES

appropriate to the purpose:

Lat and Long.

Lat and Long.

cut of 2 position lines. 3 position

Horizontal Sextant Angles

When not to fix by HSA or bearings

FIXING BY RELATIVE ANGLES

Sources of the Cocked Hat

Detection of Gyro Error

Range by Vertical Angle

by Vertical Angle (page

Calculating VSA (1)

Calculating VSA (2)

Calculating VSA (3)

Fixing by a bearing and a sounding

A. Buoy O Hotel 117

All saints will appear

First church will open

Course and Speed Made Good

Radius Vector for

Course to Steer (3)

Speed Made Good

This is a vector (relative velocity)

Assessing the Tidal

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