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About me
2007-Present Solar Turbines Inc., Caterpillar Company
2002-2007 Ph.D. Combustion Science, MAE, UCSD
2000-2002 General Electric Global Research Center
1998-2000 M.S., Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology & University of Stuttgart
1 Quadrillion BTU = 45M Tons Coal or 1T ft3 Natural Gas or 170M Barrels of crude oil
1 Barrel crude oil = 42 gallon = 6.1 GJ of energy
Worlds energy requirement can largely be classified into Electric power, transportation energy
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Fossil fuels: Coal, gasoline, diesel, natural gas and other petroleum products
Alternative sources of energy: Wind turbines, solar panels, hydroelectric, nuclear,
geothermal, tidal, and list goes on
Alternative fuels: Ethanol, bio-diesel, biomass, coke oven gas, syngas, municipal waste,
landfill gases, anything rotting
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Fuel
Coal
Oil
Gas
How does this story relate with Gas Turbines Combustion systems?
Strictly speaking, energy is not consumed, but rather is
converted into different forms.
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Output 1.2 MW
Thermal Eff. 24.5%
Output 4.6 MW
Thermal Eff. 29.9%
Output 15.3 MW
Thermal Eff. 35.7%
Output 7.7 MW
Thermal Eff. 34.8%
Output 4.6 MW
Thermal Eff. 39.5%
Output 11.2 MW
Thermal Eff. 33.9%
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Latest addition
Output 22.3 MW
Thermal Eff. 40%
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Power Generation
Single Shaft
Turbine Engine
Output
Shaft Power
3)Expansion
(Turbine)
2) Combustion
1) Compression
Output
Shaft Power
Two Shaft
Turbine Engine
Mechanical Drive
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Overhaul Life
Hot section inspection
Overhaul Life
Engine weight
Fast start capability
Tolerance to poor fuel
Ease of automation
Suitable for off-shore
Power
Thermal Efficiency
Industrial
48,000 hours
8000 hours
On-site
Heavy Duty
No
Fair
Good
Fair
Up to 325 MW
25-39%
Aero-derivatives
30,000 hours
6000 hours
Gas generator removal
Light
Yes
Poor
Good
Good
Up to 55 MW
25-42%
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Some Basics
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Gas Producer Turbine Expands the air and absorbs just enough energy from
the flow to drive the compressor. The higher the gas producer discharge
temperature and pressure, the more energy is available to drive the power
turbine, therefore, creating shaft work.
Power Turbine Converts the remaining flow energy from the gas producer
into useful shaft output work. The higher the temperature difference across the
power turbine, the more shaft output power is available.
Exhaust System Directs exhaust flow away from the gas turbine inlet. Often a
silencer is part of the exhaust system. Similar to the inlet system, the exhaust
system is designed for minimum pressure losses.
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mFqRcomb
minCpTin
Gas Turbine
(min+mF)CpTout
Shaft power
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Known
P ratio = 10
TIT = 1350 K
Compressor Eff. = 0.86
Turbine Eff. = 0.89
Heat exchanger effectiveness = 0.8
Ambient temperature and pressure, 300 K, 1 bar
Specific heat Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg-K
Specific heat ratio = 1.4
Calculate (a) Compressor outlet temperature (b) Turbine out temperature (c)
Compressor work (d) Turbine work (e) back work ratio (f) Efficiency for ideal, actual,
and recuperator engine
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First Law:
Q h2 h1
Stagnation enthalpy
V2
h0 h
2
Compressor work
h2 h1 c p (T2 T1 )
Turbine work
h3 h4 c p (T3 T4 )
Heat input
1 2
V2 V12 W
2
h3 h2 c p (T3 T2 )
T2 P2
T1 P1
T3
T4
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Thermal Efficiency
energy input
cp (T3 T2 )
Wnet c p T3 T4 c p (T2 T1 )
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Equipment efficiencies
T02' T01
C
T02 T01
T01
T02 T01
4
2
P02
P01
S
Process 1-2 and 3-4 ideal
Process 1-2 and 3-4 actual
T03 T04
T
T03 T04'
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Recuperator
Heat exchanger effectiveness
T05 T02
T04 T02
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2
4
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energy input
cp (T3 T5 )
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