2.

10-C
PRESSURE DROP and
FRICTION FACTOR in
TURBULENT FLOW

By: Group 1
Zabanal Carriedo
Fernandez Ignacio
Pagaduan Martinez
Montes

Turbulent flow vs
Laminar Flow
Laminar

flow:
Where the fluid moves slowly in
layers in a pipe, without much
mixing among the layers. Typically
occurs when the velocity is low or
the fluid is very viscous.

Turbulent flow vs
Laminar Flow
Turbulent

flow
Opposite of laminar, where considerable
mixing occurs. Velocities are high.

Turbulent flow vs
Laminar Flow

Turbulent flow vs
Laminar Flow
Laminar

and Turbulent flows can be

characterized and quantified using Reynolds
Number established by Osborne Reynolds
and is given as where

vD
Re

Re

4m
D

= Density of liquid kg / m
= Viscosity of liquid Pa s

= Flow Velocity

= Diameter of the pipe

m/s

= mass flow rate kg /sec

Turbulent flow vs
Laminar Flow
NOTE

Reynolds number directly

proportional to velocity & inversely
proportional to viscosity!

NR

< 2000 laminar flow

NR > 4000 Turbulent flow
For 2000 < NR < 4000 transition
region or critical region
flow can either be laminar of turbulent
difficult to pin down exactly.

Pressure Drop
When

fluid flows through a pipe there will be

a pressure drop that occurs as a result of
resistance to flow. There may also be a
pressure gain/loss due a change in elevation
between the start and end of the pipe.

Mechanical Energy loss/

Friction loss
Friction

lossis the loss of energy or head that occurs in pipe

flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the
pipe.Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" and it is not to
be confused with minor loss, which includes energy lost due to
obstructions. In mechanical systems such asinternal
combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the
friction between two moving surfaces.
This energy drop is dependent on the wallshear stress()
between the fluid and pipe surface. The shear stress of a flow is
also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. For
turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness
of the surface. In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall
are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is
formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while
in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent.

Mechanical Energy loss

Fanning friction factor

Fanning

friction factor- TheFanning friction factor,

named after John Thomas Fanning (18371911), is
adimensionless numberused in fluid flow calculations.
It is related to theshear stress at the wall as:

Fanning friction factor

Fanning friction factor

0.79
f
Re^0.25
NOTE: AS THE REYNOLDS NUMBER INCREASES, THE
FRICTION FACTOR DECREASES. And THE RAT E OF
DECREASE BECOMES SMALLER FOR GREATER
RELATIVE FACTORS. H. Darcy

Fanning friction factor

Fanning friction factor

Determining Fanning Friction

Factor in turbulent flow
Use

of Moody Chart

Determining Fanning friction

factor in Turbulent Flow
Use

of Zigrang-Sylvester
Equation and Haaland Equation.
In these equations, is the
Reynolds number and is the
relative roughness. The textbook
by Welty et al. lists the Haaland
Equation as an alternative to the
Colebrook Equation for explicit
calculation of the friction factor
when the Reynolds number and
the relative roughness are
specified

Determining Fanning friction

factor in Turbulent Flow

The Zigrang-Sylvester Equation, which also

permits explicit calculation of the friction factor
when the Reynolds number and the relative
roughness are specified, performs somewhat better
than the Haaland Equation in approximating the
Colebrook result over a wide range of values of
both the Reynolds number and the relative
roughness. Therefore it is recommended for your

The Roughness coefficients

of pipes

The Pipe Values

The Pipe Values

Example 2.10-3 use friction factor in

turbulent flow

A liquid is flowing through a

horizontal straight commercial steel
pipe at 4.57m/s. The pipe used is
commercial steel, schedule 40, 2in
nominal diameter. The viscosity of
the liquid is 4.46cp and the density
801
kg/m3.
Calculate
the
mechanical-energy friction loss Ff in
j/kg for a 36.6m section of the pipe.

Solution:
From Appendix A.5,
D=0.525m V=4.57m/s
= 801 kg/m L=36.6m

Flow is turbulent. The equivalent roughness is

4.6x10-5

determining the Fanning Friction

Factor:
Using the Moody graph
Calculating the value directly from any

of the equations:
Colebrook equation, Zigrang-Sylvester
Equation,
And Haaland equation

Use of Zigrang-Sylvester
Equation

Thus, solving for the

friction loss

2.10-3 Frictional loss in straight

pipe and effect of type of pipe
A liquid having a density of 801 kg/m 3 and a
viscosity of 1.49x10 -3 pa.s is flowing through
horizontal straight pipe at a velocity of
4.57m/s. the commercial steel pipe is 1 in
nominal pipe size, schedule 40. for a velocity
of 4.57m/s. , do as follows:
a.) calculate the friction loss Ff
b.) for a smooth tube of the same inside
diameter, calculate the friction loss. What is
the percent reduction of the Ff for the smooth
tube?

Solution:
Given:

density of 801 kg/m3 velocity of

4.57m/s.
viscosity of 1.49x10-3 pa.s
velocity of 4.57m/s.
diameter= 0.04089 m (Appendix
5)
roughness factor= 4.6 x 10-5 m

Solution:
Solving

for Reynolds number:

vD
Re

801kg
(4.57m / s ) (0.04089m)
m
^
3
Re
1.49 x10^ 3 pa.s
Re 1.00456 x10^5

Solution:
Solving

factor:

Rf

for the relative roughness

4.6 x10^ 5m

0.001125
D
0.04089m

Solution:

Solution:

Where relative roughness=0.001125 and Re=1.00456x10^6

f= 0.0055 rough pipe
f= 0.004 (smooth pipe) accdng to the moody chart presented on
the next slide
And accdng to the equation:
(f=0.79/(1.0045x10^5)^0.25)

Solution

Solution:
A.)

Ff

4 fLv ^ 2 4(0.00514)(61)(4.57)^ 2

320.28 j / kg
2D
(0.04089) x 2

B.)

Ff

4 fLv ^ 2 4(0.004)(61)(4.57)^ 2

249.25 j / kg
2D
(0.04089) x 2

Solution
Percentage

loss= 100%(249.25/320.48*100%)=22.17%