Introducing

General cellular effects of

Group 1
radiation
RAVAL,JASMEEN
BALDANIYA,ARJUN
DODIYA,CHIRAG
BARAD,PRATIKSINH
DANADADIYA,DHARMIK

Radiation ,What is it?

The general definition of radiation is energy that comes from a source and tra
through some material or space.
Energy Being Transmitted comes in two forms
* ionizing radiation

* Non-ionizing radiation

Where does it come from?

Outer space [the Cosmos] (Natural)
1.Cosmic Radiation.
2. Naturally Occurring Radioactive
Materials.
Machines (Man-made)(for medicine)
Material that is Radioactive (Natural
or
Man-made)
Many Food Products, (e.g., Bananas,
Brazil Nuts, Gatorade, and Salt
Substitutes)
Contain Relatively Large Quantities of
Naturally Occurring Radioactive
Materials
These are taken into our bodies so
all of us are radioactive and emit
radiation
We Live (And Have Always Lived)

Ionising radiation:
in.
travels
Waves of Energy (x rays, gamma rays)
Moving Particles (alpha particles, beta particles, electrons, neutrons)
carries very high levels of energy that can alter atoms. These atoms emit the
excess energy or mass creating electrically charged particles or ions.

Non-ionising radiation:
(radio waves, heat , light)

carries enough energy to excite atoms but not enough to create charged ions.

.
Radiation exposure is either
External..
exposure from outside the body
Internal..
Radioactive material enters body by eating/drinking in
radiation area, by breathing vapors/aerosols, or skin
absorption
Inside the body, it is treated like non-radioactive elements
If not incorporated into organ, rapidly excreted and may
cause only slight hazard.

Cell Sensitivity
Actively dividing cells are most sensitive to
radiation damage.

Tissues that are more sensitive include

skin, hair, early blood cells, and lining
of the intestine.
Tissues that are less sensitive include
muscle, bone, brain, and connective
tissue.

Radiation can cause immediate effects (radiation

sickness), but also long term effects which may occur
many years (cancer) or several generations later
(genetic effects).

Biological effects of radiation result from both direct

and indirect action of radiation.

Direct action is based on direct interaction between

radiation particles and complex body cell molecules, (for
example direct break-up of DNA molecules)

Types of cellular damage

Norma

Mutation

repair

Interphase
cell death

Mitotic
cell death

Changes of
metabolism
& function

Basic Interaction of Radiation in

Cell
Indirect
action
Direct
action

x-rays photon
free electron
ion radicals
free radicals
chemical change from
the breakage of bonds
biological effects

RADIATION
DIRECT IONIZATION
OF DNA

IONIZATION OF
OTHER MOLECULES, e.g.,H2O
radiation + H2O H2O+ + e
H2O+ H+ + OH0
e + H2O H0 + OH
OXIDATION OF DNA
BY OH RADICALS
CHEMICAL
RESTORATION

ENZYMATIC REPAIR

NO EFFECT
DNA
RESTORED

PERMANENT DAMAGE IN DNA

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1. GENETIC EFFECTS
2. SOMATIC EFFECTS
CANCER
STERILITY

Cell Death-One of the simplest effects to

observe is cell death, it could occur in these
possible ways which are following

Cell death is recognized by

Ultrastuctural changes

Change in nucleus

Change in cytoplasm

Morphological forms
of cell death
Pyknosis: The nucleus becomes contracted,
spheroidal, and filled with condensed chromatin.
Karyolysis: The nucleus swells and loses its
chromatin.
Protoplasmic Coagulation: Irreversible
gelatin formation occurs in both the cytoplasm and
nucleus.
Karyorrhexis: The nucleus becomes fragmented
and scattered throughout the cell.
Cytolysis: Cells swell until they burst and then
slowly disappear.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, usually be

Karyorrhexis

Normal cell
Reversible
cell injury

with
cytoplasmic &
organelle
swelling,
blebbing &
ribosome
detachment

Irreversible
cell injury

with rupture of
membrane &
organelles, &
nuclear

pyknosis

Karyolysis

Pyknosis

Pyknosis
Pyknosis, orkaryopyknosis, is the irreversible
condensation ofchromatinin thenucleusof
acellundergoingnecrosis orapoptosis.It is followed
bykaryorrhexis, or fragmentation of the nucleus.
Pyknosis (from Greekpyknonomeaning "to thicken up, to
close or to condense") is also observed in the maturation of
erythrocytes (ared blood cell) and theneutrophil(a type of
white blood cell). The maturing metarubricyte (a stage in
RBC maturation) will condense its nucleus before expelling it
to become areticulocyte. The maturing neutrophil will
condense its nucleus into several connected lobes that stay
in the cell until the end of its cell life.
Pyknotic nuclei are often found in thezona reticularisof the
adrenal gland.

Normal
Karyolysis

Pyknosis

Karyorrhexis

karyolysis

Karyolysis
Karyolysis(fromGreekkaryon, "kernel,
seed or nucleus", and lysisfrom
lyein, "to separate") is the complete
dissolution of thechromatinof a dyingcelldue
to the enzymatic degradation byendonucleases.
The whole cell will eventually stain uniformly
witheosinafter karyolysis. It is usually preceded
bykaryorrhexisand occurs mainly as a result
ofnecrosis, while inapoptosisafter karyorrhexis
the nucleus usually dissolves intoapoptotic
bodies.

Karyolysis

Protoplasmic coaguation

Irreversible gelatin formation occurs in both

the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Protoplasmic coaguation

1 Acute or chronic inflammation

Immunological reactions to sub cellular
components released by dead tissue or selfantigens altered by denaturation.
lysis and absorption
Isolation and discharge: ulceration and cavity
formation
organization
encapsulation, calcification.

Cytolysis
Cells swell until they burst and then slowly disappear.
Cytolysis occurs when a cell bursts due to
anosmotic imbalancethat has caused excess
water to move into the cell. It occurs in
ahypotonicenvironment, where water moves
into the cell byosmosisand causes its volume
to increase to the point where the volume
exceeds the membrane's capacity and the cell
bursts. The presence of acell wallprevents the
membrane from bursting, so cytolysis only
occurs.

This is an example of coagulative necrosis. This is the typical pattern

with ischemia and infarction (loss of blood supply and resultant tissue
anoxia). Here, there is a wedge-shaped pale area of coagulative necrosis
(infarction) in the renal cortex of the kidney.

Coagulative necrosis of the left ventricular wall

From ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 2003

Other effects of Radiation

Skin damage
Nausea and vomiting
Malaise and fatigue
Increased temperature
Blood changes
Bone marrow damage
Damage to cells lining the small
intestine
Damage to blood vessels in the brain

(1) Hair
The losing of hair quickly and in clumps occurs with radiation exposure at 200 rems or higher.
(2) Brain
Since brain cells do not reproduce, they won't be damaged directly unless the exposure is 5,000
rems or greater. Like the heart, radiation kills nerve cells and small blood vessels, and can cause
seizures and immediate death.
(3) Thyroid
The certain body parts are more specifically affected by exposure to different types of radiation
sources. The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive iodine. In sufficient amounts, radioactive
iodine can destroy all or part of the thyroid. By taking potassium iodide, one can reduce the
effects of exposure.
(4) Blood System
When a person is exposed to around 100 rems, the blood's lymphocyte cell count will be
reduced, leaving the victim more susceptible to infection. This is often refered to as mild
radiation sickness. Early symptoms of radiation sickness mimic those of flu and may go
unnoticed unless a blood count is done.According to data from Hiroshima and Nagaski, show that
symptoms may persist for up to 10 years and may also have an increased long-term risk for
leukemia and lymphoma.
(5) Heart
Intense exposure to radioactive material at 1,000 to 5,000 rems would do immediate damage to
small blood vessels and probably cause heart failure and death directly.
(6) Gastrointestinal Tract
Radiation damage to the intestinal tract lining will cause nausea, bloody vomiting and diarrhea.
This is occurs when the victim's exposure is 200 rems or more. The radiation will begin to
destroy the cells in the body that divide rapidly. These including blood, GI tract, reproductive and
hair cells, and harms their DNA and RNA of surviving cells.
(7) Reproductive Tract
Because reproductive tract cells divide rapidly, these areas of the body can be damaged at rem
levels as low as 200. Long-term, some radiation sickness victims will become sterile.

Skin
Lungs
Ovaries
Testicles
Cancer induction
In utero(within the womb) effects
on human development
Transgenerational genetic damage

Bone marrow death

Central nervous system death
vomiting
Bone marrow consists of progenitor
nausea
and
stem
cells,
the
most
diarrhea
radiosensitive cells in the human
drowsiness
body and the most important in
lethargy
controlling infection
tremors
delirium
Frequentseizures
convulsions
prostration
coma
respiratory failure
death

Dysentery
Typhoid
Infectious hepatitis
Salmonellosis
Cholera
Meningococcal meningitis
Tuberculosis
Diphtheria
Whooping cough
Polio
Pneumonia

Does anyone have a

question?

Bravo!

Thank you