MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA
MEMBRANE:
BASIC KNOWLEDGE

1.State the substances required by

the cells and substances to be
eliminated from the cells

2. Explain the necessity for

movement of substances across
the plasma membrane

3. Structure of plasma membrane

Labeled the structure of the plasma

membrane.
Write their characteristic and
function

4. Draw a concept map to classify

molecule that can move freely across
the plasma membrane by means of
simple diffusion and molecule that
cannot move freely across the plasma
membrane and require the aid of
transport protein

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA MEMBRANE: SIMPLE
DIFFUSION

How water molecule

diffuse through plasma
membrane?

Water molecule diffuse

across
1. Phospholipids bilayer
2. Pore protein

Definition of osmosis?

Definition of osmosis?
Movement of water
molecules from a region of
higher concentration of
water to a region of lower
concentration of water
through a semi-permeable
membrane

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA
MEMBRANE: OSMOSIS
BASIC KNOWLEDGE

2. Meaning of solution
a)Solvent

water molecule
b)Solute salt, sucrose

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA
MEMBRANE: OSMOSIS
BASIC KNOWLEDGE

2. Type of solution
a)Hypotonic
b)Isotonic
c)Hypertonic

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA
MEMBRANE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE

2. Type of solution
a)Hypotonic
A solution that has a lower
concentration of solute but
higher concentration of water than
another solution or cell

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA
MEMBRANE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE

2. Type of solution
b) Isotonic
A solution that has the same
concentration of solute and the
same concentration of water than
another solution or cell

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA
MEMBRANE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE

2. Type of solution
c) Hypertonic
A solution that has a higher
concentration of solute but lower
concentration of water than
another solution or cell

How to explain process

of osmosis?

Explanation process of osmosis

F : different concentration of
water
E1: what happen to water
molecule
E2: condition of cell/ strip of
potato/ organism

Explain the process occur when the

plant cell immersed in 0.1% sucrose
solution? (hypotonic solution)
F : Sucrose solution is hypotonic compare to plant cell
E1: water molecule diffuse into the cell
E2: vacuole expand and swell up but not burst / plasma
membrane pushes against the rigid cell wall
E3: the plant cell becomes turgid.

What happen to animal /

plant cell in different
type of solution?

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

haemolysis

normal

crenation

turgid

normal

flaccid

1. Question:
Sodium chloride solution that is
isotonic to the potato stripe is
0.3 M.
Explain the process that takes
place when the potato stripes is
soaked in
0.2M sodium chloride solution
0.6M sodium chloride solution

Answer:
(a) F: The concentration of potato stripes cell
sap is hypertonic compared to Sodium
Chloride solution
E1:Water diffuses into sap cell by
osmosis
E2:the mass of potato stripe will increase
(b) F: The concentration of potato stripes cell
sap is hypotonic compared to Sodium
Chloride
E1:Water diffuses out from sap cell by
osmosis
E2:the mass of potato stripe will decrease

2. Question:
The erythrocytes are put into distilled
water. Explain the phenomenon that
occurs to the cell.
Answer:
F : erythrocytes undergo haemolysis
E1 : water molecules diffuse into the
erythrocytes
E2 : cell will expend and burst
because it does not have cell wall

3.Question:
A farmer sprayed the excess fertiliser to
the vegetables in his farm. Explain the
effects to the vegetables.
Answer:
F: vegetables will die
E1: excess fertiliser cause water to diffuse
out from the hair root cell by osmosis
E2: plant cells undergo plasmolysis //
become flaccid

4. Question
Explain how does turgidity occurs.
F: The solution T is hypotonic to the plant cell S.
E1: Water molecules diffuse into the cell/ the
large central vacuole by osmosis.
E2: The large central vacuole expand and
swell up but not burst / plasma
membrane pushes against the rigid cell wall
E3: This pressure is turgor pressure that caused
the plant cell becomes turgid.

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH

PLASMA
MEMBRANE:
FACILITATED
Which molecule
is transport
by
DIFFUSION

facilitated diffusion?
Amino acid
Glucose
Small protein

Facilitated diffusion
The net movement of molecules or ions
from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration with the aid
of carrier and pore protein
Does not required energy because the
carrier protein moves molecules down
their concentration gradient
E.g. absorption of amino acids and
glucose in villus

The Process Of Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of substance across the

plasma membrane: Active transport
The movement of molecules or ions from
a region of lower concentration to a region
of higher concentration with the aid of
carrier protein and energy/ATP
The carrier protein has an active site
which binds to a particular molecule or ion
and another active site which binds to the
ATP molecules

The Process Of Active Transport

The Process Of Active

Transport
Movement
of ions is against the
concentration gradient
It needs energy that supplied by ATP
molecules
Carrier protein bind with ions
And changes the shape
And carry the ions through carrier protein

E.g. in an animals cell, the concentration

of potassium ions inside the cell is always
higher than the concentration of
potassium ions outside the cell,
While the concentration of sodium ions
outside the cell is always higher than the
concentration of potassium ions inside the
cell
These carrier proteins, also called
sodium-potassium pumps, help to
maintain the concentration gradients by
pumping sodium ions out of the cell and
potassium ions into the cell

Differences
Facilitated Diffusion

Active transport

D1: Down the concentration

gradient

Against the concentration gradient

E1: Molecules diffuse from higher

concentration region to lower
concentration region

Molecules diffuse from lower

concentration region to higher
concentration region

D2: Molecules diffuse in both

direction across the plasma
membrane

Molecules diffuse in one direction

across the plasma membrane

E2: Molecules can diffuse through

pore proteins or/and carrier protein

Diffuse through carrier protein

D3: No ATP/energy used

ATP/energy used
E3: No energy for binding of carrier Energy need for binding// bind with
protein//molecule can move through active site
protein

The process of passive and active

transport in living organism
Simple diffusion

Gaseous exchange through the stoma of leaves

during photosynthesis
Evaporation of water from leaf cells through
stomata during transpiration
Gaseous exchanges in unicellular organism
such as Amoeba sp.
Gaseous exchanges between the alveoli and
blood capillaries during respiration

The process of passive and active

transport in living organism
Osmosis

Osmoregulation in aquatic organism

Water uptake by plant root and movement of
water from one plant cell to another
Reabsorption of water by the kidney tubule
Absorption of water by cells

The process of passive and active

transport in living organism
Facilitated diffusion

Absorption of certain nutrients through the villi of

the small intestine
Carrier proteins found on the membrane of cells
that line the intestinal wall transport small
molecule such as amino acids and glucose into
the blood capillaries of the villi

The process of passive and active

transport in living organism
Active transport

Uptake of minerals and ions by root hairs; the

concentration of ions and minerals salt in the
cell sap is higher compared to the soil
The accumulation of iodine in the cell of the
thyroid gland
Reabsorption of solute such as sodium,
potassium and phosphate ion by kidney tubule

Application concept of osmosis

How can we preserved food for longer
used?
Mushrooms, fruits, vegetable and fish
can be preserved longer by using
vinegar, salt and sugar
The preservatives will make the
solution outside the food more
hypertonic compared to the contents of
the food
Water leave the food by osmosis

The cells in the food substances

become dehydrated
At the same time, microorganisms also
lose water by osmosis to the
surrounding solution and will die
As a result, the food can last longest

Diagram 2.2 and Diagram 2.3 show

two ways of preserving fish and
vegetable.
vinegar

Diagram 2.2

Salt solution

Diagram 2.3

Explain the process in

Diagram 2.2 and Diagram 2.3.

Vinegar
V1: Vinegar is acidic / has low pH
V2: Vinegar diffuses into vegetables
V3: tissues becomes acidic / has low
pH
V4: prevents bacterial growth
V5: preventing decay of vegetables
Max 4m

Preservation of fish
S1:the salt solution which is
hypertonic to body
S2:more water diffuse out into salt
solution by osmosis
S3: becomes dehydrated
S4: prevents bacterial growth
S5: bacterial cells are also
plasmolysed
S6: preventing the decay of fish max4