CHAPTER 3

MOMENTUM EQUATIONS

CC501 HYDRAULICS 2

CHAPTER 3 : MOMENTUM EQUATIONS

3.1 Understand the fundamental principles of momentum equations
in pipe flow analysis :
3.1.1 Describe Newtons Second law of motion
3.1.2 Explain Newtons Third Law of motion
3.2 Understand the effect of forces caused by fluids in motion
3.2.1 Calculate the force exerted by a jet striking
a static and moving flat plate.
3.2.2 Calculate the force due to the deflection of a jet by a
static and moving curved vane.
3.2.3 Determine the force exerted when a jet is deflected by a
moving curved vane.
3.2.4 determine the magnitude and the direction of the
resultant forces exerted on pipe bends and closed conduit.

Momentum Equations
Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion."
All objects have mass; so if an object is moving, then it
has momentum - it has its mass in motion.
The amount of momentum that an object has is
dependent upon two variables: how much stuff is moving
and how fast the stuff is moving.
Momentum depends upon the variables mass and
velocity. In terms of an equation, the momentum of an
object is equal to the mass of the object times the velocity
of the object.

Momentum = mass x velocity

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Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis
for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between the
forces acting on a body and its motion due to those forces.

Newton's FIRST laws of motion

First law: If an object experiences no net force, then its velocity is constant:
the object is either at rest (if its velocity is zero), or it moves in a straight line
with constant speed (if its velocity is nonzero).

Newton's SECOND laws of motion

Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional

to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is
inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = m a

Newton's THIRD laws of motion

Third law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second
body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = F1 on the first body. This means
that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Impulse-momentum equation
When a force (Push or pull) is applied on the bodies it tries to
change the state of rest or state of motion of those bodies. The
amount of force applied is equal to the rate of change of
momentum. Where momentum is the product of mass and
velocity.
So :

Where product Ft is the impulse and it is equal to the change

momentum.
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The force exerted by a jet striking a flat plate.

Define the term impact of jet.
A fluid jet is a stream of fluid obtained from nozzle. When
this jet strikes on flat or curved plate the momentum is
changed and a hydrodynamic force is exerted.
So Impact of Jet term refers to the study of the effect
when a jet strikes on the plate or vane under the various
conditions.

The force exerted by a jet striking a static

and moving flat plate.
The force exerted by
a jet on a stationary
flat plate held
normal to the jet

The force exerted by liquid jet on a moving

plate which is vertical and moving along a jet.

Let the velocity of jet is v and

velocity of plate is u
Fig. Fluid jet striking a moving
fluid plate

Relative velocity = v u
Mass of water striking the plate

(Relative velocity of jet)

Force of striking the jet = Mass of water x Relative velocity

The expression for force exerted by a jet on

stationary inclined flat plate.

= Mass (Initial velocity - Final velocity)

(Values of velocities are taken in the direction

of the Jets).

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Example 1
A flat plate is struck normal by a jet of water 50mm in
diameter with a velocity at 18m/s. Calculate
(a) The force on the plate when it is stationary
(b) The force on the plate when it moves in the same as
the jet with a velocity of 6 m/s.

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The force due to the deflection of a jet

by a curved vane
Consider the two dimensional system
shown:
Since both momentum and force are vector
quantities, they can be resolving into
components in the x and y directions
These components
can be combined to
give the resultant
force:

And the angle of this

force:
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Example 2
A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an angle
o
u = 60 from its original direction by a curved vane which
enters tangentially without shock with mean velocity of
30 m/s and leaves with mean velocity of 25 m/s. If the
discharge from the nozzle is 0.95 m 3 /s.

Calculate the magnitude

and direction of the
resultant force on the
vane if the vane is
stationary.

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Example 3
A jet of water strikes a stationary curved vane without shock and is
deflected 150 from its original direction. The discharge from the jet is
0.68 kg/s and the jet velocity is 24 m/s. Assume that there is no
reduction of the relative velocity due to friction and determines the
magnitude and direction of reaction on vane.

m Q 0.68

Fx Q v cos 2 v cos 1

Fx 0.68 24 cos 30 24 30.45 N

Fy Q v sin 2 v sin 1

Fy 0.68 24 sin 30 0 8.16 N

2

F Fx Fy

30.45 2 8.16 2

8.16
o
tan

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30.45

31.52 N

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Example
Figure below shows a jet of water with a velocity v1
striking a vane that is moving with a velocity v0.
Determine the forces exerted by the vane on the
water if v1 = 20 m/s and v0 = 8 m/s. The jet is 50 mm
in diameter.

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The system with a moving vane can be converted into

an equivalent stationary system as shown in Fig. 16.9(b)
by defining an effective velocity ve and an effective
volume flow rate Qe. We then have

where A1 is the area of the jet as it enters the vane. It is

only the difference between the jet velocity and the vane
velocity that is effective in creating a force on the vane.
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The force equations can be written in terms of ve and Qe.

In the x direction,

In the y direction,
We know that
Then the reactions are calculated as :

CHAPTER 3 :

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Momentum Equation Applications :

Forces on a Pipe Contraction or Nozzle

Flange connection

C4009 HYDRAULICS 1

Chapter 1 : Hydrostatic Forces

Pressure and Hydrostatic Forces

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FORCE EXERTED ONAPIPE BENDS AND CLOSED CONDUITS

Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant
forces exerted on pipe bends and closed conduits.

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Linseed oil with a specific gravity of 0.93 enters the reducing

bend shown in Fig. 16.7 with a velocity of 3 m/s and a
pressure of 275 kPa. The bend is in a horizontal plane.
Calculate the x and y forces required to hold the bend in
place. Neglect energy losses in the bend.

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The fluid in the bend is shown as a free body in Fig. We must first
develop the force equations for the x and y directions shown. The
force equation for the x direction is

Algebraic signs must be carefully included according to the sign

convention shown in Fig. Notice that all forces and velocity terms
are the components in the x direction.

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In the y direction, the force equation is

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Example

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MOMENTUM AND FLUID

FLOW
From solid mechanics you will recognize F = ma

In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of

moving fluid, we

In mechanics, the momentum of particle or object

is defined as: Momentum = mv
To determine the rate of change of momentum for
a fluid we
will consider a stream tube (assuming steady
non-uniform flow).
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 The rate of change of momentum across the

control volume:

And according the Newtons second law, this change of

momentum per unit time will be caused by a force F, Thus:

This is the resultant force acting on the fluid in the direction

of motion.
the fluid will exert an equal and opposite reaction on its surroundings
By Newtons third law,

CHAPTER 3 :
MOMENTUM
EQUATIONS

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Daya Hentaman Jet

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i. Plat Pegun Secara

Normal

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ii. Plat pegun secara

condong

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iii. Plat Bergerak Secara

Normal

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Pop Kuiz
Nyatakan betul atau salah
1.Momentum bersamaan
daya x halaju
2.Persamaan momentum
bendalir diberikan oleh hukum
momentum yang kedua

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