Digital Communication

Introduction

UNIT-1

Discussion
Communication Systems.
Digital Communication Systems.
Functionality of Blocks.
Medium Classification.
Performance Measure.
Mathematical Models of Communication

Channel.

Introduction
Transmission of Information from one point to

another.
Mode of Communication
Broadcasting e.g ?
Point to point e.g.?

Primary Communication Resources

Transmitted power
Channel BW
Classify communication channel as Band Limited
and Power limited. E.g.?

Data compression
Encoder and Decoder
Lossless compression e.g Digital Text
Lossy compression. E.g. reduce data size without
altering the quality of the image or audio signal.

Communication channels
Two basic groups of communication channel
based on
Guided propagation Telephone channels , coaxial
cables and Optical Fibers
Free propagation- Wireless broadcast channels ,
Mobile radio channels and satellite channels.

Types of Communication systems

Analog Communication system

Digital Communication System

Elements of Communication system

Introduction to
Communication Systems

Basic
Digital Communication
Formatting/Source Coding
Source of information : speech, music, pictures and data.
Transformations
Transforms source information into digital symbols

(digitization)
Selects compatible waveforms (matching function)
Introduces redundancy which facilitates accurate
decoding despite errors

It is essential for reliable communication

Modulation/Demodulation
Modulation is the process of modifying the information

signal to facilitate transmission

Demodulation reverses the process of modulation. It
involves the detection and retrieval of the information
signal

Types
Coherent: Requires a reference info for detection
Non coherent: Does not require reference phase information

To combat noise in the communication channel, some

redundancy is introduced in the message This is done by

channel encoder block.
The Primary purpose of the band pass modulator is to map the

digital signal to high frequency analog signal waveforms.

To increase the spectral efficiency as much as possible.

Modulator
Baseband - Digital data can be transmitted

directly with out modulation of any carrier

Band pass- Binary data modulates some

carrier and modulated carrier is transmitted

over the channel.

Block Diagram of digital Communication

system

Source coding theorem

Efficient representation of data generated by a

source.
L average no. bits per source symbol.
H(y)- Entropy of the source
Code words produced by encoder are in binary

form.
Average code word length L of the encoder as

Efficiency of source encoder in terms of entropy

Procedure

Messages are arranged in non increasing

order.
Message set is partitioned in to two most
equiprobable subsets.
A 0 is assigned to one subset and 1 to
other subset.
Same procedure is repeated for the subsets.
Procedure is continued until each subset
contains only one message.

Problems
Given

eight
messages
m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,m6,m7,m8 with probability
0.5,0.15,0.15,0.08,0.08,0.02,0.01,0.01.
Find
the Shannon Fano code and evaluate the
efficiency.

Communication channel
Classification

Physical medium between the Tx and Rx.

Wired- Telephone, Ethernet.
Wireless- Free space carrying EM Wave.
Advent of DC, how fast the signal can be

transmitted by the channel.

Bit transmission rate
Channel supporting 20 KHz of analog speech.
With the advent of PCM, supporting 64Kbps

speech transmission.
ISDN -256 Kbps
DSL- 52 Mbps

Repeaters- Keep the signal strength at the Rx

sufficient for detection.

Performance Measures:
Goal

Transports a message signal from a source across

a noisy channel to a user at the other end of the

channel.

Objective
Message signal is delivered to the user both

efficiently and reliably, subject to certain design

constraints
Allowable transmit power
Channel bandwidth

Reliability is expressed in terms of BER.

Information Capacity
Maximum rate at which information can be

transmitted across the channel with out error.

Frequency band
VLF- Navigation
LF- Marine
MF- Radio
HF- Military
VHF-TV,FM
UHF- Cellular, GPS
SHF- Microwave
EHF- RADAR

Mathematical model of
Communication channel
Mathematical model which reflects the most

important characteristics of the transmission

medium.
Mathematical model helps to connect the Tx and
Rx mathematically.
Three popular are frequently used to characterize
comm. Channel
Additive Noise Channel
Linear Filter Channel----wireline
Linear Time-Variant Filter Channel---wireless

Additive Noise
Channel

The simplest mathematical model for a communication

channel is the additive noise channel, illustrated in Figure.

In this model the transmitted signal s(t) is corrupted by an
additive random noise process n(t).
Attenuation Factor
The model is called AWGN channel model additive noise,

Uniform Spectral distribution and Gaussian Distribution .

The Linear Filter Channel

In some physical channels such as wire line

telephone channels, filters are used to band

limit the signals and prevent the interference.
Such

channels are generally characterized

mathematically as linear filter channels with
additive noise, as illustrated in Figure .

In

this Model , characteristics of the filter

represent the channel does not change with time.
Hence, if the channel input is the signal s(t).

Linear filter channel with additive noise.

Linear time-variant filter channel with additive

noise

Channels such as underwater acoustic

The
Linear
Time-Variant
channels and Mobile cellular channels
which result
in time-variant filter channel.
Filter
Channel
Signal travel through various paths and

arrives at receivers at different timemultipath propagation.

Such linear filters are characterized by
time-variant channel impulse response h(t;
d) where h(t; d) is the response of the
channel at time t, due to an impulse
applied at time t t. d-delayed signal

Bandwidth

Band Limited Channels which means no signal power is allowed

outside the defined band.

Fourier analysis Band limited signal are not realisable , because
signals imply with infinite duration.
Dimensionality Theorem
A real waveform can be completely specified by N independent

pieces of information where N is given by

N= 2B To
N-Dimension of the waveform
B-Bandwidth
To- Time
A digital signal is transmit over an interval of To second,
Symbol Rate Rs
Rs=N/To, B=?

Bandwidth
Half power Bandwidth: This is the interval between

frequencies at which Gx(f) has dropped to halfpower or 3dB below the peak value. (In Fig. a)
Null to null Bandwidth: Width of the main spectral

lobe, where most of the signal power is contained.

(In Fig. C)
Absolute Bandwidth: Interval between frequencies.

(In Fig. e)

Different Bandwidth
Criteria

Channel Coding
Increases

the
resistance
of
digital
communication system.
Inevitable presence of noise in channel causes
discrepancies (errors).
Mapping the incoming data sequence in to
channel input sequence.
k message bits
n encoder output
Redundant bits = ?

Accurate reconstruction of the original source

sequence at the destination requires low Prob.

Of error.

Channel capacity
Maximum rate at which information can be

transmitted over AWGN channel.

SNR >>0 dB, then the channel is Band limited
SNR <<0 dB, then the channel is power limited

For

a noisy channel with capacity c

information transmitted at a rate R bits/sec
R<C, coding tech./modulation tech.
R>C, prob. Of error.

Channel capacity
Suppose that the spectrum of a channel is

between 10 MHz and 12 MHz, and an intended

capacity of 8 Mbps.
(1) What should be the SNR in order to obtain this
capacity?
(2) What would be the capacity if the environment
starts suffering lesser noise and the SNR goes up
to 27 dB.

Answer
B=2 MHz=2*10^6, C=8 Mbps=8*10^6 bps
1. C=B*log2(1+SNR) <=> 2^(C/B)-1=SNR<=>
SNR=15
2. SNR(dB)=10*log10(SNR)<=>SNR=10^2.7<=
>SNR=501
(approximately),C=18Mbps=18*10^6 bps

Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval

for the following signals.