UNIDAD II

ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL
FFT

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

3. ESPECTRO FFT
3.1 Integral de Fourier
1
f (x) =
2

iuz

du

f (t )e

g (u) =

f (x) =

f(x) =

iui

1
2

1
dt

f ( t )e

du f (t ) cos u(t x ) dt

iut

dt

cos ux du f ( t ) cos ut dt,

0

sen ux du f ( t ) sen ut dt.

0

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Medidas Caractersticas del MC

Monitoreo agregado en las clases
de mquinas

Medidas Caractersticas de segn

el Tipo y Clase de Mquina

Ubicaciones
Importantes

MOTORDE
rms

2.5

Soll

Diff

7.0
7.0
5.3
7.1
O-S
S-S

M
0-Spit

mm/s

Soll

0
0
1.7
-0.1

Ref
Letz
Warn
Alrm

WARN
ALARM

3.7

Diff

3.5
3.5
3.3
8

EREIGN

15 00

SICHRN

0
0
0.2
-4.5
START

Rango Caracteristico de
Frecuencia para las Medidas
Propiedades de las Clases de Mquinas para
Vibracin:

Fuerzas esperadas de los defectos

Elemento de mquina monitoreado
Velocidad de la maquina
Tipo de construccin, tipo de conductor
Cimiento de la base
Influencias en la linea de produccin
Tamao y potencia de la maquina
Medio fluido

Defectos de baja
frecuencia

frecuencias
de interferencia
( ej: vibracin
de una
columna de
aire)

Defectos de alta
frecuencia

frecuencia
sin importancia
(ej: resonancia
del acople )

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Trending / Alarm levels of overall values

Machine condition ISO 10 816 -3:

Rolling bearing condition:

SIM - Shock pulse measurement:

v RMS in
mm/s
damages

dBm
dBc

Alarm dBm

Alarm
short
time
operation

Warning

Warning dBm

long time
operation

Alarm dBc
Warning dBc

new

dBi

I = Monitoring interval
Off-line:
On-line:

approx. 2 ...8 weeks

approx. 1 s ... 1 h

Off-line:

constant alarm levels

Measurement at comparable
machine conditions

On-line:

constant or normalised alarm levels

Normalising with influencing from

process variables like RPM

(influencing sensor in VIBRONET)

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Estrategia MC Eficiente: Nivel 1 / Nivel 2

Ubicacin
Principal

spectrum blower 12 IDE

15.03.1991

1
TRENDGRAPH

blower 12 IDE

Espectro
de
Referencia
Medidas en las
posiciones

MAIN

VIBRO CORD

AUXCHARGESLEEP

MOTORDE
rms

7.0

Soll

M 15 00
0-Spit

mm/s

3.5

Diff

Soll

7.0
0
7.0
0
5.3 1.7
7.1 -0.1

Letz
Warn
Alrm

W ARN
ALARM

O- S
S-S

3.5
3.5
3.3
8

Ref

EREIGN

SICHRN

Diff

0
0
0.2
-4.5

1991

Curva de la Vida til

START

spectrum blower 12 IDE

MOTORDE

2637 Hz 1.77

m/s

10
m/s

SETUP

1992

Espectro
de
Alarma

rms
10.5
m/s

DISPLAY MEASURE

MENU

ON
OFF

unbalance
1. RPM

CLR

Hz
FREQ
MARK

MAX10

CURSOR

EREIGN
M

SICHRN

7312

START

ENTER

Medida Caracterstica

v ( 10 Hz - 1000 Hz )

17.08.1992

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Toda la informacin de Frecuencia en un slo Multispectro

Main measuring point

Multispectrum VIBROCORD
Mxima resolucin 8960 lineas
Resolucin minima ptima 0,125 Hz
en 40 000 Hz de Espectro
Ancho del Rango de Frecuencia 40 000 Hz

Vibracin de Mquinas
Frecuencias Bajas
por ejemplo:
1600 lineas

Frecuencias de Paso
Frecuencias
Medias

Vibraciones de Rodamientos
Frecuencias
Altas

f = 1,25 Hz

f = 0,125 Hz

100
200
400

f = 12,5 Hz

1000
2000
4000

10000
20000
40000

f / Hz

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Ruteo Experto
Buena condicin

Problemas Reconocidos

MOTORDE
rms

M
0-Spit

mm/s

MOTORDE

rms

M
0-Spit

mm/s

MOTORDE

Soll

MOTORDE
rms

2.0

Soll

Diff

2.0
2.0
1.8
2.7

Soll

0
0
0.2
-0.7

Letz
Warn
Alrm

EREIGN

rms

M
0-Spit

mm/s

mm/s

A
Soll

Diff

15 00

Soll

Diff

Ref

A
Soll

Letz
Diff

Ref

Warn

Letz

Alrm

START

rms

Ref

Letz

Alrm

Warn

Diff

5.0
5.0
3.8
8.7

Diff

A
Soll

0
0
1.4
-3.5

Ref
Letz
Warn
Alrm

WARN
ALARM

O-S
S-S

EREIGN

0
0
0.5
-2.4

SICHRN

WARN
ALARM

EREIGN

SICHRN

15 00
15 00

Diff

A
Soll

Diff

Letz
Diff

Ref

Warn

Letz

Ref

Alrm

Warn

Letz

Alrm

Warn

MOTORDE

rms

M
0-Spit

mm/s

MOTORDE

rms

M
0-Spit

mm/s

MOTORDE

M
0-Spit

mm/s

A
Soll

Diff

WARN
ALARM

EREIGN

SICHRN

START

15 00

rms

Soll

Diff

15 00

5.8
10.0
2.0
3.6
2.0
3.6

START

Soll

Alrm

O-S
S-S

Diff

15 00

Diff

5.7
0.1
10
0
5.8 2.0 0 0 10 3.6 0 0
4.2 2.01.6
2.0 0 8.3
0 3.61.7
3.6 0 0
7.7 1.8
-.1.9
7 3.33.0
2.00.2 0
3.60.3 0
WARN
O-S
2.7
-0.7
6
-2.4 0.3
1.8
0.2
3.3
EREIGN
SICHRN
START
ALARM
S-S
WARN
O-S
2.7 ALARM
-0.7
6 START -2.4
EREIGN SICHRN
S-S
Soll

Alrm

O-S
S-S

Ref

O-S
S -S

9.6

9.6
9.6
9.1
12

Diff

Soll

15 00

M
0-Spit

mm/s

5.2

Soll

Diff

Soll

Warn

Diff

6.9 2.0
0
3.6
0
10 2.0 2.0
-3 0 12.2
0 3.64.1
3.6 0 0
5.7 1.81.2
9.8 3.36.5
2.00.2 0
3.60.3 0
WARN
2.7 1.8
-0.7
0.2 SICHRN6 START
3.3-2.4 0.3
EREIGN
ALARM
WARN
O-S
2.7 ALARM
-0.7
6 START -2.4
EREIGN SICHRN
S-S

CORD

MOTORDE

15 00

Diff

2.0 2.0 0 0 3.6 3.6 0 0

1.8 2.00.2
2.0 0 3.3
0 3.60.3
3.6 0 0
2.7 1.8-0.7
6 3.3-2.4
2.00.2 0
3.60.3 0
WARN
O-S
2.7 1.8
-0.7EREIGN
0.2 SICHRN6 START
3.3-2.4 0.3
ALARM
S-S
WARN
O-S
2.7
-0.7
6 START -2.4
EREIGN SICHRN
ALARM
S-S
Soll

VIBRO

AUX CHARGESLEEP

mm/s

A
Soll

Soll

MAIN

M
0-Spit

rms

0
0
0.3
-2.4

15 00

2.0
3.6
2.0
3.6
2.0
0 2.0 3.6
0
3.6
MOTORDE

Soll

Diff

SICHRN

mm/s

MOTORDE

15 00

3.6

3.6
3.6
3.3
6

Ref

WARN
ALARM

O-S
S-S

CORD
M
0-Spit

mm/s

rms

VIBRO

AUX CHARGESLEEP

MAIN

M
0-Spit

M
0-Spit

rms

MOTORDE

15 00

7.0
16.3
2.0
3.6
7.2 -0.22.016.3
0
3.6
0.1
16.3
0

Diff

Soll

START

Ref

A
Soll

Diff

Letz
Diff

Ref

Warn

Letz

Ref

Alrm

Warn

Letz

Alrm

Warn

Soll

Diff

Alrm

O-S
S-S

SETUP

DISPLAY

MENU

ON
OFF

MEASURE

SETUP

CLR

ENTER

DISPLAY

MENU

ON
OFF

WARN
ALARM

EREIGN

SICHRN

START

MEASURE
CLR

ENTER
MOTORDE
2637 Hz 1.77 m/s
10
m/s

MOTORDE
2637 Hz 1.77 m/s

rms
10.5
m/s

10
m/s

MOTORDE

MOTORDE
2637 Hz 1.77
m/s

10
m/s

2637 Hz 1.77 m/s

10
m/s

rms
10.5
m/s

Hz

MAX10

CURSOR EREIGNM SICHRN

7312

START

MOTORDE

rms
10.5
m/s

Hz

FREQ
MARK

MAX10

CURSOR EREIGNM SICHRN

START

Hz

Hz

FREQ
MARK

MAX10

CURSOR EREIGN
M

SICHRN

7312

START

2637 Hz 1.77 m/s

10
m/s

rms
10.5
m/s

rms
10.5
m/s

Hz

MAX10

CURSOR EREIGNM SICHRN

7312

START

Hz

FREQ
MARK

Hz

FREQ
MARK

rms
10.5
m/s

FREQ
MARK

7312

MOTORDE

2637 Hz 1.77
m/s

10
m/s

FREQ
MARK

2637 Hz 1.77
m/s

10
m/s

rms
10.5
m/s

FREQ
MARK

MOTORDE

MAX10

CURSOR EREIGN
M

SICHRN

7312

START

MAX10

CURSOR EREIGN
M

SICHRN

7312

START

MAX10

CURSOR EREIGN
M

SICHRN

7312

START

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

INFLUENCIA DE CONSTRUCCION,TAMAO Y VELOCIDAD

Tamao,
potencia y masa

Velocidad

Fdin

Fdin

Fstat

Fstat
Fdin
Fstat

lowest speed
machines

1
(1,2)

2
(2,4)

ca. 60

ca. 120
Mquinas de
Baja Velocidad

Mquinas Especiales

10
(12)

Mquinas de
Velocidad Media y
Baja

12,5
(15)

25
(30)

50
(60)

ca. 600 750

1500

3000

Mquinas de
velocidad media

Mquinas Normales

100
(120)

f in Hz
10000

Mquinas de alta
velocidad

Maquinas Especiales

rpm (50 Hz)

highest speed
machines

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Discrete frequencies show related defects

log vibration amplitude

log frequency

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Level 1 / Level 2 - Philosophy

Level 1:

Level 2:

Trending of characteristic overall values

during life time cycle

Vibration analysis after reaching alarm or warning

levels

machine park
high number of machines :
hole machine life time cycle
over long periods of time :
technician, production personal
trained personal:

10

20

a in
m/s 2

10

6
4
2

date in month

Machine Condition Monitoring

Machine Vibration
Bearing Condition

Evaluation overall values

vrms
s max
arms, a0/p
dBm , dBc
T
n
dBcav

with increased condition value

in case of events
vibration specialist, service compony

15

vrms in
mm/s

only certain machines:

at one time:
by specialists:

Vibration according to ISO 10816-3

Displacement according to ISO 7919
Acceleration
Shock pulse for Bearing Condition
Temperature
RPM
Cavitation

500

1000

f in Hz

Machine Defect Diagnosis

Unbalance, Misalignment, Gear Box defects
turbulence, electric field defects, Bearing
diagnosis u. a.

Signal analysis
Amplitude spectra
Envelope spectra
Time signals
analysis of multiples / Bode diagram
Cepstrum analysis
Probability analysis

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Vibration Signature of a Machine

Trigger time in s,
Measuring location
or
RPM

Amplitude

200

400

600

800
1000
Frequency Hz

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Characteristic overall values and signals

Time Signal

Machine vibration Time signal sampled

80
40

v in
mm/s

Analogue
hardware
measured

0
-40
-80
0

100

200

t in ms

Characteristic overall value 10Hz -1 kHz

v rms= 6,9 mm/s

Digital
software
calculated

Frequency Analysis

- Trend Diagnosis -

Machine vibration spectrum

- Signal Analysis -

10

20

- Machine
Diagnosis -

15

v rms
mm/s

v in
mm/s

10
5
0

Time

500

1000

f in Hz

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT)

Time Domain:

A1
t

A2

FFT

Frequency Domain:

2
x

A3
t

a) Amplitude Spectrum
A

x
A1

A2

A3

An

An
t

b) Phase Spectrum

Superposition of
Sine / Cosine - Waves
1

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Time Signal and Vibration Spectrum

Zeitsignal:

100

Time Signal:

50

v in
mm/s

transient signals, repeat frequencies, beats and

sine waveform good visible

but:
Individual Frequencies of the Vibration Spectrum
almost not visible

-50

-100

200

400

600

200

Amplitude Spectrum:

150

good visibility of the dominant frequencies of the

vibration signal

but:

50
0

transient Signals, shocks with repeat frequency and

beat signals almost not visible
0

150

300

450

600

750

f in Hz

Frequenzanteile des Schwingungsspektrums

kaum erkennbar

Schwingungsspektrum:

aber:

FFT
Fast Fourier Transformation

100

aber:

bersichtliche Darstellung der dominierenden

Frequenzanteile des Schwingungssignals

800

t in ms

v in
mm/s

transiente Signale und Stofolgen gut sichtbar

transiente Signale, Stofolgen und Schwebungen

nicht sichtbar

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Typical Signal Forms

Waveform of Signal
a) Sine Wave

Time Signal

Spectrum

Practial Application
Unbalance

Time

f in Hz

b) Rectangular
Vibration

mechanical
looseness

Time

3xf 5xf

etc.

f in Hz

c) Shock pulses
with repeat
frequency

f 2xf

Time

d) Amplitude
modulated
Sine Waves

Rotor Rub

etc.

f in Hz

Eccentricity
of Gears
(general problem)

Time

T2

-f2

f1

+f2

f in Hz

T1

Cracked /Broken
Tooth
(local problem)

Time

T2

T1

... -2xf2 -f2

f1

+f2 +2xf2 ... f in Hz

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Fundamental Frequencies / Harmonics / Side bands

deformed sinusoidal
Vibration

1.Harmonic
Fundamental Freq.
2.Harmonic

3.Harmonic
4.Harmonic

f1

1.Order

5.Harmonic

2xf1

3xf1

4xf1

5xf1

2.O.

3.O.

4.O.

5.O.

f in Hz

Center Frequency
1x

-1x

left side
bands
bnder

-2x

right side
bands

2x
3x

-3x
-4x

Amplitude modulation of the

center or carrierer frequency f1
with the modulation frequency f2

4x

-5x

5x
... -2xf2

-f2

f1

+f2 +2xf2....

f in Hz

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

FFT Window Functions

Time Signal
Application

Window Function

Spectrum

Practical

Without
(Rectangular Window)

for transient processes,

e.g. bump test

15

v in
mm/s

v in
mm/s

0
0

50

100

150

200

-15

250

higher accuracy in the

amplitude

but with higher inaccuracy in

the frequency resolution
0

t in ms

62,5

125

f in Hz

Hanning
2

(1-cos - evaluation)
15

v in
mm/s

v in
mm/s

-15

0
0

50

100

150

200

Standard Window for

Vibration Analysis

15

-15

250

best accuracy for the

frequency resolution

t in ms

62,5

f in Hz

Flat Top

but with higher inaccuracy in

the amplitude
125
(up to 15 % or 1.5 dB)
inaccuracy)

(Bessel-Characteristic)
15

v in
mm/s

v in
mm/s

-15

0
0

50

100

150

t in ms

200

250

for high accuracy in amplitude

15

higher inaccuracy for the

frequency resolution
0

-15

but it has the highest accuracy

for the amplitude
(max. 1 % or 0,1 dB inaccuracy)
0

62,5

f in Hz

125

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Enveloping and Demodulation

a
2
[m/s ]

aRect
2
[m/s ]

aEnv
2
[m/s ]

t in s

t [s]

t [s]

T Pulse Repeat

T Pul se Repeat

TPulse repeat

aEnv
2
[m/s ]

f Repeat Frequency

Time signal of
pulse sequency

Rectified Time Signal

Rectification after
High Pass Filtering

2xf Repeat Frequency

f in Hz

Envelope signal
and

Envelope Spectrum
Demodulation
with Low Pass

UNIDAD II ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL

Frequency Resolution
A

f =

fN
nf

f = Bandwidth
fN = Nyquist frequency
nf = number of lines

fN

f in Hz

Example.:f = 150 Hz
1600

f = 0,09 Hz

(Bandwidth)

low:

high:

99,75

100,04

99,77

99,0

100,5

eg.: 200 Lines: f = 0,75 Hz

eg.: 1600 Lines: f = 0,09 Hz