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Introduction
Factor analysis is an interdependence technique whose primary
2)
Assumptions
(measure of
Factor loadings
The factor loadings are the correlation coefficients between the items
factor, add the sum of the squared factor loadings for that factor (column)
and divide by the number of variables.
Factor loadings should be .5 or higher to confirm that independent
Communality
all the factors jointly and may be interpreted as the reliability of the indicator.
Technique- row-wise for each variable ----cell1^2+cell2^2+cell3^2+..
In the example below, focused on subjects' music preferences (see example below), the
extracted factors explain over 95% of preferences for rap music but only 56% for country
western music. In general, communalities show for which measured variables the factor
analysis is working best and least well.
factor model is not working well for that indicator and possibly it should be
removed from the model.
Low communalities across the set of variables indicates the variables are little
the factors. A communality of .75 seems high but is meaningless unless the factor
on which the variable is loaded is interpretable, though it usually will be. A
communality of .25 seems low but may be meaningful if the item is contributing
to a well-defined factor.
What is critical is not the communality coefficient per se, but rather the extent to
which the item plays a role in the interpretation of the factor, though often this
role is greater when communality is high.
Eigenvalues
The eigenvalue for a given factor measures the variance in
Technique-
column-wise
cell1^2+cell2^2+cell3^2+
for
each
factor-
In the example below, again on analysis of music preferences, 18 components (factors) would be needed to
explain 100% of the variance in the data. However, using the conventional criterion of stopping when the
initial eigen value drops below 1.0, only 6 of the 18 factors were actually extracted in this analysis. These six
account for 72% of the variance in the data.
Kaiser criterion: The Kaiser rule is to drop all components with eigen values
under 1.0. It may overestimate or underestimate the true number of factors
Rotation methods
Rotation serves to make the output more understandable and is usually
the sum of squared factor loadings, efficiently creating a set of factors which
explain as much of the variance in the original variables as possible. The
amount explained is reflected in the sum of the eigen values of all factors.
However, unrotated solutions are hard to interpret because variables tend to
load on multiple factors.
Important consideration in selecting the rotation technique depends on whether
of variables that have high loadings on each factor. This method simplifies the
interpretation of the factors. This is the most common rotation option.
Assumption is that the factors are uncorrelated.
Direct oblimin rotation, sometimes called just "oblique rotation," is the standard
method when one wishes a non-orthogonal (oblique) solution -- that is, one in which
the factors are allowed to be correlated. This will result in higher eigenvalues but
diminished interpretability of the factors.
Example- Salary, incentives, Esops
Oblique rotations allow the factors to be correlated. In statistical output, a factor
Factor scores
Factor score is a score for a given individual or observation on a given factor. Factor
scores can be correlated even when an orthogonal factor extraction was performed.
Regression Scores- The most common type of factor score is the regression scores,
argument that they better conform to the original factor structure. Bartletts score may
be correlated.
Anderson-Rubin scores - Anderson-Rubin factor scores are a modification of Bartlett