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QUALITATIVE DATA
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Is used to describe behaviours, actions, feelings,
perceptions, and interaction among people
It assumes that respondents or people observed
have unique views of their personal experiences
or the surrounding environment.
Is used to help us understand lifestyles and
cultural values, actions, and symbols.
Observation
Interviews and questionnaires
Documents
Audiovisual materials
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
What the participant did.
His or her appearance.
Body language and affect ( how they appeared to be
feeling).
The surrounding environment
Interaction among two or more research subjects.
Your own reactions to the interview or observation
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Organise data
Transcribe data
Analyse by hand or computer
- Use of Qualitative Computer Programmes
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TRANSCRIBING DATA
In QR, you collect data through interviewing or
writing fieldnotes during observations
You have to listen to the tapes & read the notes
to begin the process of data analysis.
As a general rule of thumb, it takes 4 hours to
transcribe 1 hour of tape.
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TRANSCRIBING DATA
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Hand analysis
Researchers
Computer analysis
Researchers
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APPROACH)
Coding data
Developing a description from the data
Defining themes from the data
Connecting and interrelating themes
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through data
Many
Pages
of Text
of information
Many
Segments
of Text
segments of
information
with codes
30-40
codes
redundancy
of codes
Codes
reduced
to 20
EducationalResearch2e:
Creswell
codes into
themes
Reduce Codes to
5-7 Themes
CODING DATA
Open Coding
Assign
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AXIAL CODING
The process of looking for categories that cut across all
data sets
After this type of coding, you have identified your
themes
You cant classify something as a theme unless it cuts
across the preponderance of the data
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CATEGORISING
Are
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CLUSTERING
After open coding an entire text, make a list of all
code words
Cluster together similar codes and look for
redundant codes
Objective: reduce the long list of codes to a smaller,
more manageable number (25 or 30)
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DESCRIPTION
A detailed rendering of people, places, or events
in a setting in qualitative research
Codes such as seating arrangements, teaching
approach, or physical layout of the room, might
all be used to describe a classroom where
instruction takes place
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NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION
From the coding and the themes, construct a
narrative description and possibly a visual
display of the findings for your research report
Use the assigned format
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themes
Look for dialogue in the participants own
dialect
Use metaphors and analogies
Collect quotes from interview data or
observations
Locate multiple perspectives & contrary
evidence
Look for vivid detail
Identify tensions and contradictions in
individual experiences
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EducationalResearch2e:
Creswell
WHY THEMES?
It is best to write a qualitative report providing
detailed information about a few themes rather
than general information about many themes
Themes can also be referred to as Categories
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researcher
The participants
The literature
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THEMES SHOULD
Reflect the purpose of the research
Be exhaustive--you must place all data in a category
Be sensitizing--should be sensitive to what is in the
data
i.e.,
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TYPES OF THEMES
Ordinary:
EducationalResearch2e:
Creswell
4. HOW DO YOU
REPRESENT AND REPORT
FINDINGS?
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REPRESENTING FINDINGS
Create comparison table
Develop a hierarchical tree diagram
Present figures
Draw a map
Develop a demographic table
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REPORTING FINDINGS
Primary form a narrative discussion
Author summarizes in detail the findings from
their data analysis
No set form
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USEFUL HINTS
Include dialogues that provide support for
themes
State the dialogue in the participants native
language / regional or ethnic dialect
Use metaphors and analogies
Report quotes from interview data or from
observation of individuals
Report multiple perspectives and contrary
evidence
Write in vivid detail
Specify tensions and contradictions in individual
experiences
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INTERPRETATION
Means the researcher steps back and and forms
some larger meaning about the phenomenon
based on personal views, comparisons with past
studies, or both.
In other words, QR is an interpretive research
where you have to make sense of your findings.
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Summarize findings
Convey Personal Reflections
Make comparisons to the Literature
Offer Limitations & Suggestions for Future
Research
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RELIABILITY OR DEPENDABILITY
From a quantitative perspective, reliability
refers to the extent to which research findings
can be replicated
From a qualitative perspective, dependability,
(reliability) in qualitative research is not based
on outsiders getting the same results, but that
outsiders concur that, given the data collected,
the results make sense. In other words, the
results are dependable and consistent (Lincoln &
Guba, 1985).
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THANK YOU.
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TUTORIAL QUESTION
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TUTORIAL 10
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Snell-Interaction.html
http://dppd.ubbcluj.ro/adn/article_6_2_3.pdf
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