Domain Name System (Chapter-25,Page-795)

There are several applications in the application layer of the

internet model that follows client/server paradigm.
These client/server applications can be classified into two
categories.
1. Applications which is directly used by the user. ExampleGmail
2. Application which support those application programs.
. Domain Name System (DNS) client/server application
sends a request to the DNS server to map the
website/email address to corresponding internet protocol
(IP) address. IP address looks like 172.27.27.83,which is
very tough to remember.

Domain Name System (Chapter-25,Page-795)

Protocols:
SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (e-mail)
DNS : Domain Name System
To identify an entity , TCP/IP protocols use the IP address ,
which uniquely identifies the connection of a host to the
Internet.
We need a system that can map a name to an
address or an address to a name.
When the Internet was small , mapping was done by using
a host file. The host file had only two columns: name and
address.
Every host could store the host file on its disk and update it
periodically from a master host file.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic

communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also
be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either
anintranetor anextranet). When you are set up with direct access to
the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP
program just as every other computer that you may send messages
to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.
TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control
Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller
packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP
layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The
lower layer,Internet Protocol, handles theaddresspart of each packet
so that it gets to the right destination. Eachgatewaycomputer on the
network checks this address to see where to forward the message.
Even though some packets from the same message are routed
differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the destination.

What is host?

The term "host" is used in several contexts, in each of

which it has a slightly different meaning:
1. In Internet protocol specifications, the term "host" means
any computer that has full two-way access to other
computers on the Internet. A host has a specific "local or
host number" that, together with the network
number, forms its uniqueIP address. If you use
Point-to-Point Protocolto get access to your access
provider, you have a unique IP address for the duration of
any connection you make to the Internet and your
computer is a host for that period. In this context, a "host"
is anodein a network.