Grinding &

Finishing
By S K
Mondal

Process
Grinding
Creep feed
grinding
Abrasive
machining
Abrasive
water jet
Machining
Honing
Lapping

Abrasive Machining
Features
Processes

Uses wheels, accurate sizing, finishing,

low MRR; can be done at high speeds .
Uses wheels with long cutting arc, very
slow feed rate and large depth of cut
High MRR, to obtain desired shapes and
approximate sizes
Water jets with velocities up to 1000
m/sec carry abrasive particles (silica and
garnet)
"Stones" containing fine abrasives;
primarily a hole - finishing process
Fine particles embedded in soft metal or
cloth; primarily a surface-finishing process

Video

Grinding
Grinding is the most common form of abrasive

machining.
It is a material cutting process which engages an
abrasive tool whose cutting elements are grains
of abrasive material known as grit.
These grits are characterized by sharp cutting
points, high hot hardness, and chemical stability
and wear resistance.
The grits are held together by a suitable bonding
material to give shape of an abrasive tool.
Grinding can be compared with milling with an
infinite number of cutting edge.

Fig- cutting action of abrasive grains

Why is high velocity desired in

grinding?
It is desired to off set the adverse effect of very

high negative rake angle of the working grit, to

reduce the force per grit as well as the overall
grinding force.

Advantages of Grinding
Dimensional accuracy
Good surface finish
Good form and locational accuracy
Applicable to both hardened and unhardened

material

Applications of Grinding
Surface finishing
Slitting and parting
Descaling, deburring
Stock removal (abrasive milling)
Finishing of flat as well as cylindrical surface
Grinding of tools and cutters and resharpening

of the same

Video

Grinding
If each abrasive grain is viewed as a cutting tool then

in grinding operation.

High
Rake angle can be positive, zero, or negative ranging

from +45o to -60o, dull, rounded grits has large

negative rake angle
Cutting speed is very high
Very high specific energy of cutting

Low
Low shear angle
Low feed rate
Low depth of cut

Interaction of the grit with the

workpiece
Grit with favourable geometry can produce chip

in shear mode.
However, grits having large negative rake angle
or rounded cutting edge do not form chips but
may rub or make a groove by ploughing leading
to lateral flow of the workpiece material.

Fig- Grits
rubbing

engage

shearing,

ploughing

and

How is chip accommodation

volume is related to material
removal rate?
Volume of chip accommodation space ahead of

each grit must be greater than the chip volume

produced by each grit to facilitate easy
evacuation of the chip from the grinding wheel.

Specific energy consumption in

grinding

G Ratio
The grinding ratio or G ratio is defined as thee cubic

mm of stock removed divided by the cubic mm of

wheel lost.
In conventional grinding, the G ratio is in the range 20:

1 to 80: 1.
The G ratio is a measure of grinding production and

reflects the amount of work a wheel can do during its

useful life.
As the wheel losses material, it must be reset or

repositioned to maintain workpiece size.

GATE -2011 (PI)

Grinding ratio is defined as
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

volume of wheel wear

volume of work material removed
volume of work material removed
volume of wheel wear
cutting speed
feed
longitudinal feed
transverse feed

Parameters for specify a

grinding wheel
1) The type of grit material
2) The grit size
3) The bond strength of the wheel, commonly
known as wheel hardness
4) The structure of the wheel denoting the
porosity i.e. the amount of inter grit spacing
5) The type of bond material
6) Other than these parameters, the wheel
manufacturer may add their own identification
code
prefixing or suffixing (or
both) the standard code.

Abrasive
Material

Comments and Uses

Aluminium oxide

Softer and tougher than

silicon carbide; use on
steel, iron, brass
Used for brass, bronze,
aluminum, stainless steel
and cast iron
For grinding hard, tough
tool steels, stainless steel,
cobalt and nickel based
superalloys,
and
hard
coatings
Used to grind nonferrous
materials, tungsten carbide

Silicon carbide

cBN (cubic boron

nitride)

Diamond

IES 2009
2 marks

Why is aluminium oxide

preferred to silicon carbide in
grinding steel?
Al2O3 is tougher than SiC. Therefore it is

preferred to grind material having high

tensile strength like steel. Moreover, Al2O3
shows higher chemical inertness than SiC
towards steel leading to much improved
wear resistance during grinding.

Grit size
The grain size affects material removal rate and

the surface quality of workpiece in grinding.

Large grit- big grinding capacity, rough
workpiece surface
Fine grit- small grinding capacity, smooth
workpiece surface

Grade
The worn out grit must pull out from the bond

and make room for fresh sharp grit in order to

avoid excessive rise of grinding force and
temperature.
A soft wheel should be chosen for grinding hard
material.
A hard wheel should be chosen for grinding soft
material.

Structure / concentration
The structure should be open for grinding

wheels engaged in high material removal to

provide chip accommodation space.
The space between the grits also serves as
pocket for holding grinding fluid.
Dense structured wheels are used for longer
wheel life, for holding precision forms and
profiles.

Why is coarse grain and open

structured wheel is preferred for
stock removal grinding?
Coarse grit allows large grit protrusion and open

structure provides large inter grit chip space.

Thus in combination those two provide large
space for chip accommodation during stock
removal grinding and risk of wheel loading is
minimized.

Bonding Materials for

Grinding wheels
Type
Bond
Vitrified
bonds

of Attributes

Composed of clays and other

ceramic
substances,
porous,
strong, rigid, and unaffected by
oils, water, or temperature. Brittle
and can not be used for high
wheel speed.
Resinoid, or Plastic bond, replaced shellac and
phenolic
rubber wheels, not with alkaline
resins
grinding fluid.
Shellac
For flexible cut off wheels,

Bonding Materials for

Grinding wheels
Type
of
Bond
Rubber
bond
Oxychloride
bond
Metal bond

Attributes
For use in thin wheels, replaced by
resin bond.
Limited use.

Extensively used with super

abrasive wheels, high toughness,
high accuracy,
large stock
removal.
Electroplate Used for small wheel, form wheel
d bond
and thin super abrasive wheels,

Glazing
With continuous use a grinding wheel becomes

dull with the sharp abrasive grains becoming

rounded.
This condition of a dull grinding wheel with

worn out grains is termed as glazing.

Loading
Some grinding chips get lodged into the spaces

between the grits resulting in a condition known

as loaded wheel.
Loading is generally caused during the grinding

of soft and ductile materials.

A loaded grinding wheel cannot cut properly

and need dressing.

Dressing
Dressing

is the conditioning of the wheel

surface which ensures that grit cutting edges
are exposed from the bond and thus able to
penetrate into the workpiece material.
In dressing attempts are made to splinter the
abrasive grains to make them sharp and free
cutting and also to remove any residue left by
material being ground.
Dressing therefore produces micro-geometry.

GATE-2014
Match the Machine Tools (Group A) with the
probable Operations (Group B):
Group A
P: Center Lathe
Q: Milling
R: Grinding
S: Drilling

Group B
1: Slotting
2: Counter-boring
3: Knurling
4: Dressing

P Q R S
P Q R S
(a) 1 2 4 3 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 3 4 2 1

Truing
Truing is the act of regenerating the required

geometry on the grinding wheel.

Truing is also required on a new conventional
wheel to ensure concentricity with specific
mounting system.
Truing and dressing are commonly combined
into one operation for conventional abrasive
grinding wheels, but are usually two distinctly
separate operation for super abrasive wheel.

Balancing Grinding Wheels

Because of the high rotation speeds involved,

grinding wheels must never be used unless they

are in good balance.
Grinding wheel must be balanced Statically and
Dynamically.
A slight imbalance will produce vibrations that
will cause waviness in the work surface. It may
cause a wheel to break, with the probability of
serious damage and injury.

Creep feed grinding

This machine enables single pass grinding of a

surface with a larger down feed but slower table

speed than that adopted for multi-pass
conventional surface grinding.
In creep-feed grinding, the entire depth of cut is
completed in one pass only using very small infeed rates.

State the basic advantage of a

creep feed grinder over a
conventional surface
Productivity is enhanced and life of the grinding

wheel is extended.

IES 2011 Conventional

What is creep feed grinding? Discuss its
salient
features,
advantages,
and
application.
[10 marks]

Cylindrical Grinding
Center-type cylindrical grinding is commonly

used far producing external cylindrical surfaces.

The grinding wheel revolves at an ordinary
cutting speed, and the workpiece rotates on
centers at a much slower speed.
Grinding machines are available in which the
workpiece is held in a chuck for grinding both
external and internal cylindrical surfaces.

Centerless Grinding
Centerless grinding makes it possible to grind

both external and internal cylindrical surfaces

without requiring the workpiece to be mounted
between centers or in a chuck.
This eliminates the requirement of center holes in
some workpieces and the necessity for mounting
the workpiece, thereby reducing the cycle time.
Two wheels are used. The larger one operates at
regular grinding speeds and does the actual
grinding. The smaller wheel is the regulating
wheel. It is mounted at an angle to the plane of
the grinding wheel.

Centerless Grinding
The regulating wheel controls the rotation and

longitudinal motion of the workpiece and

usually is a plastic- or rubber-bonded wheel with
a fairly wide face.
The workpiece is held against the work-rest
blade by the cutting forces exerted by the
grinding wheel and rotates at approximately the
same surface speed as that of the regulating
wheel.

Centerless Grinding

Video

Centerless Grinding
The axial feed is calculated by the equation
F = dN sin
where
F = feed (mm/min)
d = diameter of the regulating wheel (mm)
N = revolutions per minute of the regulating wheel
= angle of inclination of the regulating wheel

Centreless internal Grinding

This machine is used for grinding cylindrical and

tapered holes in cylindrical parts (e.g. cylindrical

liners, various bushings etc).
The workpiece is rotated between supporting
roll, pressure roll and regulating wheel and is
ground by the grinding wheel.

State the disadvantages of

centreless cylindrical grinding
machine?
It does not grind concentrically with centres.
Large diameter short workpiece are difficult
to
control in the process
It may not improve workpiece
perpendicularity.

Surface Grinding Machines

Surface grinding machines are used primarily

to grind flat surfaces.

However formed, irregular surfaces can be
produced on some types of surface grinders by
use of a formed wheel.
Four basic types of surface grinding machines
are:
1. Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table
2. Vertical spindle and reciprocating table
3. Horizontal spindle and rotary table
4. Vertical spindle and rotary table

Video

Finishing
Processes

Lapping
Lapping is basically an abrasive process in

which loose abrasives function as cutting points

finding momentary support from the laps.
Material removal in lapping usually ranges from
.003 to .03 mm but many reach 0.08 to 0.1mm
in certain cases.

Video

Characteristics of lapping process

Use of loose abrasive between lap and the

workpiece
Usually lap and workpiece are not positively
driven but are guided in contact with each other
Relative motion between the lap and the work
should change continuously so that path of the
abrasive grains of the lap is not repeated on the
workpiece.
Cast iron is the mostly used lap material.
However, soft steel, copper, brass, hardwood as
well as hardened steel and glass are also used.

Abrasives of lapping
Al2O3 and SiC, grain size 5 ~100 m
Cr2O3, grain size 1 ~ 2 m
B4C3, grain size 5 - 60 m
Diamond, grain size 0.5 ~ 5 m

Vehicle materials for lapping

Machine oil
Rapeside oil
grease

Technical parameters affecting lapping

processes are
unit pressure
the grain size of abrasive
concentration of abrasive in the vehicle
lapping speed

Honing
Honing is a finishing process, in which a tool

called hone carries out a combined rotary and

reciprocating motion while the workpiece does
not perform any working motion.
Most honing is done on internal cylindrical
surface, such as automobile cylindrical walls.
The honing stones are held against the
workpiece with controlled light pressure. The
honing head is not guided externally but,
instead, floats in the hole, being guided by the
work surface.

Honing
It is desired that

1. Honing stones should not leave the work

surface
2. Stroke length must cover the entire work length.
3. In honing rotary and oscillatory motions are
combined to produce a cross hatched lay pattern.

The honing stones are given a complex motion so

as to prevent every single grit from repeating its
path over the work surface.

Honing

Fig. Honing tool Fig. Lay pattern produced by combination of rotary

and
oscillatory motion

Video

The critical process

parameters are
1. rotation speed
2. oscillation speed
3. length and position of the stroke
4. honing stick pressure

Buffing
Buffing is a polishing operation in which the

workpiece is brought into contact with a revolving

cloth wheel that has been charged with a fine
abrasive, such as polishing rough.
The wheels are made of disks of linen, cotton,
broadcloth, or canvas, and achieve the desired
degree of firmness through the amount of stitching
used to fasten the layers of cloth together.
Negligible amount of material is removed in buffing
while a very high luster is generated on the buffed
surface.
The dimensional accuracy of the parts is not
affected by the buffing operation.

Video

Super Finishing

Fig. super finishing of end face

of a cylindrical work piece in radial mode

In this both feeding and oscillation of the

super finishing stone is given in the radial
direction.

Super Finishing

Fig. super finishing operation in plunge mode

In this case the abrasive stone covers the section

of the workpiece requiring super finish. The
abrasive stone is slowly fed in radial direction
while its oscillation is imparted in the axial
direction. It reduce surface roughness and
increase bearing load capacity.

State the specific application of

a planetary internal grinder.
Planetary internal grinders find application for

grinding holes in workpieces of irregular shape

or large heavy workpieces.

Video

GATE - 1998
In machining using abrasive material,
increasing abrasive grain size
(a) Increases the material removal rate
(b) Decreases the material removal rate
(c) First decreases and then increases the
material removal rate
(d) First increases and then decreases the
material removal rate

GATE - 2002
The hardness of a grinding wheel is
determined by the
(a) Hardness of abrasive grains
(b) Ability of the bond to retain abrasives
(c) Hardness of the bond
(d) Ability of the grinding wheel to penetrate
the work piece

GATE - 2006
If each abrasive grain is viewed as a
cutting tool, then which of the following
represents the cutting parameters in
common grinding operations?
(a) Large negative rake angle, low shear angle
and high cutting speed
(b) Large positive rake angle, low shear angle
and high cutting speed
(c) Large negative rake angle, high shear
angle and low cutting speed
(d) Zero rake angle, high shear angle and high
cutting speed

IES - 2005
Consider the following statements in
respect of grinding?
1. The pitch of the grit cutting edges is larger
than the pitch of the milling cutter.
2. The cutting angles of the grits have a random
geometry.
3. The size of the chip cuts is very small for
grinding.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

IES - 2001
Specific cutting energy is more in grinding
process compared to turning because
(a) Grinding (cutting) speed is higher
(b) The wheel has multiple cutting edges
(grains)
(c) Plaguing force is significant due to small
chip size
(d) Grinding wheel undergoes continuous wear

IES - 1996
Specific energy requirements in a grinding
process are more than those in turning for
the same metal removal rate because of
the
(a) Specific pressures between wheel and
work being high.
(b) Size effect of the larger contact areas
between wheel and work.
(c) High cutting velocities
(d) High heat produced during grinding.

IES - 1994
The ratio of thrust force to cutting force is
nearly 2.5 in
(a) Turning (b) Broaching
(c) Grinding (d) Plain milling

IES 2010
In relation to the peripheral or
surface speeds of the grinding wheel
and that of the workpiece in
cylindrical grinding of alloy steel
workpieces,
the
grinding
wheel
speed is
(a) Less than the speed of the workpiece
(b) Same as the speed of the workpiece
(c) Double the speed of the workpiece
(d) 65 to 75 times the speed of the

IES - 2000
The sequence of markings "S 14 K 14 S" on
a grinding wheel represents respectively
(a) Bond type, structure, grade, grain size and
abrasive type
(b) Abrasive type, grain size, grade, structure
and bond type
(c) Bond type, grade, structure, grain size and
abrasive type
(d) Abrasive type, structure, grade, grain size
and bond type

IES - 1993
Tool life in the case of a grinding wheel is
the time
(a) Between two successive regrinds of the
wheel
(b) Taken for the wheel to be balanced
(c) Taken between two successive wheel
dressings
(d) Taken for a wear of 1mm on its diameter

IES - 2007
Honing Process gives surface finish of
what order?
(a) 10 m (CLA) (b) 1.0 m (CLA)
(c) 0.1 m (CLA) (d) 0.01 m (CLA)

IES - 2012
Statement (I): Honing is an abrading process to
remove stock from metallic surfaces.
Statement (II):Honing is commonly done on
internal surfaces.
(a) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true and Statement (II) is the correct
explanation of Statement (I)
(b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true but Statement (II) is not the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
(c) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false
(d) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true

IES - 1992
A surface finish of 0.025 0.1 micrometer
CLA values is to by produced. Which
machining process would you recommend?
(a) Grinding (b) Rough turning
(c) Lapping (d) Honing

IAS - 2001
Consider the following statements:
The set-up for internal centreless grinding consists of a
regulating wheel, a pressure roll and a support roll,
between which the tubular workpiece is supported with the
grinding wheel within the tube, wherein
1.The grinding wheel, workpiece and regulating wheel centers must
lie on one line
2.The directions of rotation of workpiece and grinding wheel are
same
3.The directions of rotation of pressure roll, support roll and
regulating wheel are same
4.The directions of rotation of grinding wheel and regulating wheel
are same
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1, 3 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4

IAS - 2001
Which one of the following grinding
wheels (with Grade, Grit and Bond) is
suitable for cutter grinding?
(a) K 60 vitrified (b) K 320 vitrified
(c) T 60 resinoid
(d) T 320 resinoid

Q. No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ch-9: Grinding
Option Q. No Option
D
7
A
D
8
A
A
9
A
A
10
C
B
11
A
B
12
D