SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

COURSE SEMINAR
IN
SOIL ENGINEERING-I (CE-631)
Prepared by
TULIKA BOSE
ROLL NO:143040018

Department of Civil Engg

IIT Bombay

CONTENTS
What is a foundation?
Types of foundations
Factors affecting choice of
foundation
Shallow foundations
Design of shallow foundations
Combined Piled Raft Foundations
2

Why is a foundation needed?

Fig1 :
(www.wikipedia.com)

Types of Foundation
Shallow foundations
Deep foundations
Hybrid foundations
4

Primary Factors Affecting

Foundation Choice
Subsurface soil
Structural loading
Ground water conditions
Structural requirements
Cost involved

Secondary Factors Affecting

Foundation Choice

Construction access, methods & site

conditions

Building Codes & Regulations

Impact on surrounding structures

Construction schedule

Construction risks
6

Shallow Foundation
Shallow foundations are those which
transmit the structural loads at the
near surface soil and are constructed
relatively close to the finished ground
level; where the founding depth (Df) is
less than the width(B) of the footing.

ADVANTAGES
Cost effective solution
if the subsoil is of
sufficient strength to
cater to the imposed
loads

DISADVANTAGES
Settlement is high
especially if the subsoil
is a highly
compressible layer

Construction procedure Low resistance against

is simple and takes less torsion, lateral loads
time
and moments.
Expertise/skilled
labours are not
required.

It poses problems
where Irregular ground
profile is present

Types of Shallow Foundation

Shallow
foundation
s
Spread
footing

Combined
foundation

Raft
foundation

DESIGN OF
SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS

GEOTECHNICAL
DESIGN

STRUCTURAL
DESIGN

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Design means the

determination of:

P
G.S.L

i. Df =?
ii. d =?
iii. B =?
iv. L =?
v. As=?

Df

BXL

B
L
Fig
2(www.wikipedia.com)11

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

The design that takes into account

only the properties of soil is called as
Geotechnical Design.
SCOPE OF DESIGN :a) Df = ?
b) B = ?
c) L = ?
12

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The design that takes into account the

technical aspects related to concrete
is called as Structural Design.
SCOPE OF DESIGN:-

a) d =?
b)As =?
13

STEPS OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Selection of the type of foundation system.
Fix the vertical location i.e. Df
foundation.

of the

Bearing Capacity and Settlement Analysis

and from this a suitable value of the design
pressure.
The dimensions in plan (B & L) of the footing.
14

TYPE OF FOUNDATION SYSTEM

Fig 3:(Taken from Gopal

15

Fig 4:(Taken from Gopal

Ranjan)
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DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
1. Mechanical consideration.
Soil profile and structural
requirement
2.Physical consideration
Depth of top soil, rubbish fill
Depth of poor surface deposit like peat,
muck
GWT and its seasonal fluctuations
Depth of adjacent footings
Depth of underground facilities
17

Fig 5:(Taken from Gopal

Ranjan)

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BEARING CAPACITY
Terzaghis equation (for general shear
failure)-

0.5BN

qult =cNc + Df Nq + 0.5BN

qnult =CNc+ Df (Nq-1) +
qns =(qnult /FOS)
For pure clay
Nc=5.7,Nq=1 & N=0
19

SETTLEMENT
= i + c
c=[Cc / (1 + eo)] *(H) *log (o +
) / o
Cc=compression index
o =initial overburden pressure at that level
=additional pressure at that level.
H=length of strata .
e0=natural void ratio of the soil in place.
20

LIMITING VALUES OF SETTLEMENT

Table 1:From IS:1904

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GLOBAL STABILITY
Overturning
FOS > 1.5
Sliding
FOS > 1.5

Fig 6:(Taken from Gopal

22

FAILURE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Proper location and depth
Bearing capacity failure
Excessive settlement
Overturning and sliding
Structural failure
So the foundation must be safe
against all the of the above failures
23

PILED RAFT FOUNDATION

24

 Raft foundation is provided over the base of the

whole Building
Piles are provided with raft at designed specified
location below the raft.
The use of the piles is intended to reduce the
total and differential settlement of raft to a
considerable degree causing large scale economy
without compromising the safety and
performance of the foundation.
25

 Use of raft in conjunction with some piles is costlier than

in case where only raft is used if possible but much less
than the case when only piles are used.
As a result in the past decades there has been increasing
recognition to use some piles with raft to reduce the total
and
differential settlement of raft leading to considerable
economy
without compromising the safety and performance of the
foundation structure system.
One of the most important buildings constructed with
such system is for the foundation system of the worlds
tallest building the Burj Dubai.
26

Fig :7 From Design and Construction of

the Burj
Khalifa,Dubai,UAEStructures Congress

27

Conclusion
Design of shallow foundations is
controlled by many factors.
Involves integrated decisionmaking and functioning of
architects, structural engineers
and foundation engineers
28

References
Design of Shallow foundations by Samuel.E.French
Basic and applied Soil mechanics by G.Ranjan &
A.S.R Rao.
IS 1904(1986),Code of practice for Design and
Construction of Foundation in soils: General
Requirements.
J. M. Raut,S. R. Khadeshwar,S. P. Bajad, andM. S.
Kadu(2014) Simplified Design Method for Piled Raft
Foundations, Advances in Soil Dynamics and
Foundation Engineering, ASCE.
Ahmed Abdelrazaq(2010).Design and Construction of
the Burj Khalifa,Dubai,UAEStructures Congress ASCE.
29

THANK YOU

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